> ♦ 1 ijL* ; ' ^ £5% * N V L*tu^t, Of^:4 '-«*> 3 ^ >*v !&r ^' •*.tf '• .'it - V*>* i ? » •'"Vf < r .< 1 - 1^- ^t^..^\ / 'fr* ** v y :Jtf* J, J** feSV> y v -> , • journal of tbe Ropal microscopical Society CONTAINING ITS TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS AND A SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOG-Y" .A-IIXriD BOTANT (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia) MICROSCOPY, &cc- EDITED BY R. G. HEBB, M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. Physician Pathologist to Westminster Hospital WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE AND J. ARTHUR THOMSON, M.A. F.R.S.E. Regius Professor of Natural History in t/ie University of Aberdeen A. N. DISNEY, M.A. B.Sc. FELLOWS OF THE SOCIETY AND A B. KEXDLE, M.A. D.Sc. F.L.S. J. J. DOUGLAS, M.D. F.K.C.P.E Assistant in Botany, British Museum Minimis paribus, per totum Naturae campum, certitudo omnis innititur quas qui fugit pariter Naturam fugit. — Linnaus. FOR THE YEA R 1903 TO BE OBTAINED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS, 20 HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W. of Messrs. WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 Henrietta Street, London, W.C. and of Messrs. DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square, London, \V. 2 H- * THE (Established in 1839. Incorporated by Koyal Charter in 1866.) The Society was established for the promotion of Microscopical and Biological Science by the communication, discussion, and publication of observa- tions and discoveries relating to (1) improvements in the construction and mode of application of the Microscope, or (2) Biological or other subjects of Microscopical Besearch. It consists of Ordinary, Honorary, and Ex-officio Fellows of either sex. Ordinary Fellows are elected on a Certificate of Eecommendation signed by three Ordinary Fellows, setting forth the names, residence, and description of the Candidate, of whom the first proposer must have personal knowledge. The certificate is read at two General Meetings, and the Candidate balloted for at the second Meeting. The Admission Fee is 21. 2s., paid at the time of election, and the Annual Subscription is 21. 2s., payable on election, and subsequently in advance on 1st January in each year, but future payments may be compounded for at any time for 31/. 10s. Fellows elected at a meeting subsequent to that in February are only called upon for a proportionate part of the first year's subscription. The annual Subscription of Fellows permanently residing abroad is 1/. lis. 6d. or a reduction of one-fourth. Honorary Fellows (limited to 50), consisting of persons eminent in Microscopical or Biological Science, are elected on the recommendation of five Ordinary Fellows and the approval of the Council. Ex-officio Fellows (limited to 100), consisting of the Presidents for the time being of any Societies having objects in whole or in part similar to those of the Society, are elected on the recommendation of ten Ordinary Fellows and the approval of the Council. The Council, in whom the management of the property and affairs of the Society is vested, is elected annually, and is composed of the President, four Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, two Secretaries, and twelve other Ordinary Fellows. The Meetings are held on the third Wednesday in each month, from October to June, at 20 Hanover Square, W. (commencing at 8 p.m.). Visitors are admitted by the introduction of Fellows. The Journal, containing the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, and a Summary of Current Besearches relating to Zoology and Botany (principally Invertebrata and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, &c, is published bi-monthly, and is forwarded post-free to all Ordinary and Ex-offieio Fellows residing in countries within the Postal Union. The Library, with the Instruments, Apparatus, and Cabinet of Objects, is open for the use of Fellows daily (except Saturdays), from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is closed for four weeks during August and September. Forms of proposal for Fellowship, and any further information, may be obtained by application to the Secretaries, or Assistant-Secretary, at the Library of the Society, 20 Hanover Square, W. a 2 Ipatron HIS MAJESTY THE KING. J.1ast-|)restbcnts. Elected *3ir Eichard Owen, K.C.B., D.C.L., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 1840-1 *John Lindley, Ph.D., F.E.S 1842-3 *Thomas Bell, F.R.S 1844-5 * Jambs Scott Bowerbank, LL.D., F.R.S 1846-7 ♦George Busk, F.R.S 1848-9 * Arthur Farre, M.D., F.R.S 1850-1 *George Jackson, M.R.C.S 1852-3 * William Benjamin Carpenter, C.B.,M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.. 1854-5 "George Shadbolt 1856-7 *Edwin Lankester, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S 1858-9 *John Thomas Quekett, F.R.S 1860 * Robert James Farrants, F.R.C.S 1861-2 *Charles Brooke, M.A., F.R.S 1863-4 * James Glaisher, F.R.S 1865-6-7-8 *Rev. Joseph Bancroft Reade, M.A., F.R.S 1869-70 ^William Kitchen Parker, F.R.S 1871-2 ^Charles Brooke, M.A., F.R.S 1873-4 Henry Clifton Sorby, LL.D., F.RS 1875-6-7 *Henry James Slack, F.G.S 1878 Lionel S. Beale, M.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.S 1879-80 *Peter Martin Duncan, M.B., F.R.S 1881-2-3 Rev. William Hy. Dallinger, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. 1884-5-6-7 *Charles Thos. Hudson, M.A., LL.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S. 1888-9-90 Robert Braithwaite, M.D., M.R.C.S 1891-2 Albert D. Michael, F.L.S 1893-4-5-6 Edward Milles Nelson 1897-8-9 William Carruthers, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S 1900-1 * Deceased. COUNCIL. Elected 21st January, 1903. Henry Woodward, Esq., LLJD., F.B.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. D ice- |jrestb cuts. *William Carruthers, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. *George C. Karop, Esq., M.E.C.S. *A. D. Michael, Esq., F.L.S. *E. M. Nelson, Esq. treasurer. J. J. Vezey, Esq. Secretaries. Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., D.Sc, D.C.L., F.R.S. R. G. Hebb, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (lih'bimirn HUmkrs of Council. Jas. Mason Allen, Esq. Wynne E. Baxter, Esq., J.P., F.G.S., F.R.G.S. Conrad Beck, Esq. 'Robert Braithwaite, Esq., M.D., M.R.C.S., F.L.S. Rev. Edmund Carr, M.A., F.R.Met.S. •A. N. Disney, Esq., M.A. B.Sc. Jas. Wm. Gifford, Esq. The Right Hon. Sir Ford North, P.C., F.R.S. Henry George Plimmer, Esq., M.B.C.S., F.L.S. Thomas H. Powell, Esq. Percy E. Radley, Esq. *Charles F. Bousselet, Esq. librarian. Percy E. Radley, Esq. Curator. Charles F. Rousselet, Esq. Assistant Sccretaru. Mr. F. A. Parsons. * Members of the Publication Committee. CONTENTS. TBANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY. I-AGI. I. — The Rotatorian Genus Diasckiza : A Monographic Study, with Descrip- tion of a New Species. By F. R. Dixon-Nuttall, F.R.M.S., ami Rev. R. Freeman, M.A. (Plates I. to IV.) 1,129 II. — An Arrangement for Obtaining Monochromatic Light with the Mixed Jet. By Edmund J. Spitta, F.R.A.S., &c. (Fig. 1) 15 III. — The President's Address: Some Ideas on Life. By Henry Woodward, LL.D. F.R.S. (Figs. 34-36) 142 IV. — Report on the Recent Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago collected by Mr. A. Durrand, F.R.M.S.— Part XIV. By Fortescue William Millett, F.R.M.S. (Plate V.) 253 V. — A New Method of Using the Electric Arc in Photomicrography. By E. B. Stringer, B.A. F.R.M.S 276 VI.— The Helmholtz Theory of the Microscope. By J. W. Gordon. (Plate VI.) (Figs. 76-116) 381 VII. — On the Theory of Optical Images, with Special Reference to the Micro- scope. By Lord Rayleigh. (Figs. 117-120) 447 VIII. — On the Theory of Optical Images, with Special Reference to the Micro- scope. (Supplementary Paper.) By Lord Rayleigh 474 IX. — On the Rendering Visible of Ultra-Microscopic Particles and of Ultra- Microscopic Bacterid. By H. Siedentopf, Ph.D ^~-> X. — A Micrometric Correction for Minute Objects. By Edward M. Nelson. (Figs. 139-142) .. .. 579 XI.— On the "Lag" in Microscopic Vision — (continued). By Edward M. Nelson 58) '- XII.— Report on the Recent Foraininit'era of the Malay Archipelago collected by Mr. A. Durrand, F.R.M.S.— Part XV. By Fortescue William Millett. F.R.M.S. (Plate VII.) 685 VI II CONTENTS. NOTES. I'AGK A Two-speed Fine Adjustment. By Edward M. Nelson. (Fig. 2) 19 An Old Non-Achromatic Simple Microscope. By Edward M. Nelson. (Figs. 143-148) 587 An Early Compound Microscope with a Mirror attached to its Limb. By Edward M. Nelson. (Fig. 149) 590 An Improved Horseshoe Stage. By Edward M. Nelson. (Figs. 150 and 151) .. 591 OBITUARY. James Glaisher, F.R.S. F.R.A.S. F.R. Met. S. F.R.M.S 158 Rev. Thomas Wiltshire, M.A. D.Sc. F.L.S. F.G.S. F.R.A.S. F.R.M.S 159 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES Relating to Zoology and Botany (principally Invertebrate and Cryptogamia), Microscopy, &c, including Original Communications 1-kom Fellows and Others.* 21, 1(30. 281. 483, 593, 705 ZOOLOGY. VERTEBRATA. a. Embryology. Delage, Yves — Carbonic Acid as a Provocative of Artificial Parthenogenesis .. 21 ,, „ Agency of Carbon Dioxide in Inducing Artificial Parthenogenesis 21 Yiguier, C. — Artificial Parthenogenesis 22 Charrin, A., & others — Reappearance in Offspring of Lesions Artificially induced in the Mother 22 Winiwarter, Hans von — Note on Oogenesis in Mammals 22 Buhler, A. — Retrogressive Changes in Ovarian Follicle of Amphibians 22 Beard, John — Germ- Cells and Germinal Continuity 22 Loisel, G. — Spermatogenesis in Sparrow 2:; Meves, F. I!. — Dimorphism of SpermatozMi 23 Korff, K. von — Spermatogenesis in Phalangista vidpina 24 Torrey, H. B. — Prepotency in Polydactylous Cats 24 Dean, Bashford — Biometric Evidence bearing on Theory of Limb-Origin .. .. 24 Simon, L. — Notes on Development and Structure of Bradypus .. .. 24 Rabl, Carl — Development of External Body-Form 24 Thilo, O. — Skeletal Changes in Fiat-Fishes in the Course of Development .. .. 25 Moser, Fanny — Development of Vertebrate Lung • . . 25 Eigenmann, Carl H. — Solution of the Eel Question . 25 Hertwig, 0. — Treatise on Comparative and Experimental Embryology of Vertebrates 100 ( zermak, N. — Fertilisation in Salmon '. . ' 160 Wedekind, W. — Vestigial Function 160 Houssay, F. — Organic Sexual Dimorphism in Foicls 160 Weismann, August — Regeneration in Neicts 161 Weber, A. — Torsion of Bird-Embryo 161 K In order to make the Contents complete, the papers printed in the ' Transactions ' and the Notes printed in the 'Proceedings' are included here. CONTENTS. IX- PAGE Schmitt, F. — Gastrulation of Double-Development in Trout Id Pkllegrin, J. — Curvature of the Spine in Fishes 161 Hackee, V. — Parental and Grand-parental Components of the Nucleus .. . . . . 281 Lubosch, W. — Maturation in Newt's Ova and in General 281 Koule, L. — Hermaphroditism in Fishes 282 Houssay. F. — Carnivorous Fowls of the Second Generation 282 Wilson, J. T. — Early Stages in Development of Ornithorhynchus 282 Mannich, H. — Development of Vertebral Column of Penguin 283 Lewin, M. — Development of Beak of Penguin 283 I jENHosskk, M. von — Development of Corpus Vitreum 283 Heetwig, O. — Treatise on Comparative and Experimental Embryology 483 Minot, Charles Sedgwick — Laboratory Text-booh of Embryology 483 Boh n, (I. — Influence of Radium Rays on Tadpoles 4S3 „ „ Influence of Radium Rays on Ova 483 Ziegler, H. E. — Influence of Alcohol on Development 484 Marshall, F. H. A. — (Estrous Cycle and Corpus Luteum in Sheep 484 Skrobansky, K. v. — Yolh -Nucleus or Corpus Balbiani in Vertebrates 485 Schultze, B. S. — Determination of Sex 485 Tonkoff, W. — Development of Spleen in Tropidonotus natrix 485 Laaser, P. — Development of Teeth in Selachians 4815 Courant — Preputial Glands of Rabbit 4S6 Marino, F. — Non-Existence of ' " Neutrophil" Granulations in Leucocytes of Man and Monkey 48(J Tonkoff, W. — Influence of Salt Solution on Early Development of Neiot's Egg .. 593 Kopsch, Fr. — Artificial Fertilisation of the Ova of Crist iceps argentatus .. .. 593 IiEtzius, G. — Spermatozoa of Acanthias vulgaris 593 Leiber, Adolf — Structure and Development of Female Gonads of Lancelet .. .. 594 TjOYEz, Marie — Follicular Epithelium in Birds 594 Wallace, W. — Ovarian Ova and Follicles in Fishes 594 Wintrebert, P. — Influence of Central Nervous System on Development of Limbs in Amphibians 594 Cameron, J. — Development of Pineal Body in Amphibia 594 Houghton, H. S. — Development of Musculature and Skeleton in Spelerpes longi- caudus 595 Broman, Ivar — Circulation in Embryonic Stomach 595 Schultze, O. — Determination of Sex 705 Beard, John — Embryology of Tumours 705 Conklin, Edwin C. — Cause of Inverse Symmetry 706 Bateson, W.— Mendelian Heredity •. 706 Allan, Bennet M. — Embryonic Development of Mammalian Ovary and Testis .. 706 Pittard, E. — Results of Castration in Man . - 707 Montgomery, Thomas H. jr. — Heterotypic Maturation-Mitosis in Amphibia . . 707 Powers, J. H. — Acceleration and Retardation of Metamorphosis in Amblystoma tigrinum 707 Wolterstoff, W. — Hybrid Nature of Triton blasii 707 Goggio, E. — Development of Lungs in Discoglossus pictus 707 Moseb, Fanny — Comparative Embryology of the Swim-Bladder 70S Eycleshymer, A. O. — Early Development of Lepidosteus 708 Damany, P. le — Evolution of Vertebrate Limbs ~ () 8 ■ b. Histology. Sohneideb, K. C— Text-Book of Comparative Histology .. 26 Heidenhain, M.— Molecular Structure and Histology 26 Giardina, A.— Theory of Cell-Division ' 26 Holmgren, E. — Trophospongiwm of Nerve-Cells and Pancreatic Cells 26 Tellyesniczky, K.— Criticism of Theories of Nuclear Structure ->_ Pensa, A.— Structure of Cartilage- Cells -< Eycleshymer, A. C— Nuclear Changes in Striped Muscle-Cell of Necturus .. .. 27 Pensa, A. — Endings of Nerves in Salivary Glands 27 Perroncito, A. — Muscular Terminations of Nerve-Fibres 27 Latjnoy, L. — Formation of Zymogen in Gastric Glands of Adder 27 X CONTENTS. 1 AGE Schaefer, Fr. — Femoral Glands of lizards 27 Bethe, A. — Cell-Division 161 Bouin, P. — Spindle-Residues in Cell-Division 162 Holmgren, E. — Trophospongia 162 Solger, B. — "Intracellular Threads" in Ganglion-Cells of Electric Organ of Torpedo ' 162 Schlater, Gustav — Intranuclear Space in Li ver-Cells 162 Srdinko, O. V. — Structure and Development of Cartilage 163 Bertacchini, P. — Development and Structure of Vitreous Humour 163 Beguin, F. — Structure of Digestive Caned in Reptiles 163 Vosseler, F. — Structure of Intestinal Villi 164 Brauer, A. — So-called " Telescopic " Eye of Some Abysscd Fishes 1 64 Voinov, D. N. — Nature of the Centrosome 283 Dangeard, P. A. — Laivs of Division 283 Herrick, C. J. — Size of Nerve-Fibres in Fishes 284 Coco, A. Motta, & S. Distefano — Nerve-Endings in White Muscle 284 Zietzschmann, E. H. — Integumentary Organs of Cervidse 284 Gross, J. — Optic Chiasma of Reptiles 285 Schuberg, A. — Intercellular Connections 487 Boeke, J. — Minute Structure of Amphioxus 487 Hatai, Shinkishi — Efferent Neurons in Electric Lobes of Torpedo 487 Sterzi, G. — Blood-Vessels of the Spinal Cord of Birds -i 87 Burckhardt, R. — Historical Aspects of Zoology 487 Nemiloff, A. — Amitotic Division in Vertebrata 595 Prenant, A. — Myoblasts 595 Munch, K. — Structure of Nucleus in Smooth Muscle 596 „ „ Cross-Striped Muscle 596 Holmgren, E. — Intracellular Threads in Nerve- Cells 596 „ Trophospongia in Glandular Cells 596 Rx^zicka, Vladislav — Structure of Red Blood-Corpuscles 596 Zachariades, P. A. — Axial Filament in the Adidt Connective Tissue Fibril .. .. 596 Babes, V. — Origin of Giant Cells 597 Retterer, E. — Transformation of Epithelium into Connective Tissue 597 Saint-Hilaire, (J. — Intestinal Epithelium in Amphiuma 597 Oiaccio, C. — Intracellular Canalicidi in Supra-renal Capsules 597 Villard, J. — Cellular Nature of ZoochlorelliB 597 Neufeld, Rachel Pewsner — Canaliculi in Ganglion Cells 708 Ciaccio, C. — Secretory Processes in Suprarenal Capsules 709 Kolizoff, N. K. — Formative Elastic Structures in Cells 709 Bensley, R. R. — Brunner's Glands 709 Howard, Arthur D. — Structure of the Older Segments of the Rods hi the Retina of Vertebrates 710 c. General. Vaschide & Cl. Vurpas — Vital Rhythm 28 Wiedersheim, R. — Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 28 Jordan, D. S. — Colours of Fishes 28 Bertrand, Ci. — Arsenic in Animals 29 Rodier, W. — Rabbit Pest in Australia 29 Dean, Bashford — Origin of Paired Limbs of Vertebrates 29 Shinkishi Hatai — Interscapular Gland in Human Embryos 29 Hanna, \V. — Snake Venoms 30 Andres, Angelo, & L. Pesci — Permeability of Frog's Shin 30 Zolotnitsky, N.— Toxotes jacula tor in Captivity 30 Annandale, Nelson — Eating Habits of>Galeopithecus volans 30 Batelli — Adrenaline 30 Laficque, L. — Hsematolytic Function of Spleen 30 Gautier, Armand — Fibrinogenic Substance in Albumen of Bird' 's Egg 31 Schmidt-Nielsen, S. — Antolytic Processes in Pickled Herring 31 Woodward, Henry — Some Ideas of Life 142 Werner, F. — Biological Observations on Reptiles and Amphibians 165 CONTENTS. XI PAGE Simroth, H. — Phylogenetic Speculations 16(.t Goette, A. — Text-book of Zoology 166 Gough, L. H. — Anomalies on Head-Shields of Snakes 1*36 M'Intosh, "NV. C. — Abnormal Coloration in Pleuronectids 16G Palacky, J. — Geographical Distribution 167 Leche, W. — Phytogeny of Erinaceidse 167 Zacharias, O. — Throwing-Net and Mud-Sucker 167 Buff a, P. — Fauna of Alpine Lakes 167 Verwokn, Max — Biogen-Hypothesis 285 Delage, Yves — Note on Physiological Injections 285 Bouchard, Ch., & H. Claude — Experiments with Adrenalin 285 Houssay, F. — Modifications Observed in Carnivorous Fowls 280 Shufeldt, B. W. — Classification of Birds 28G Bidgway, Robert — Birds of North and Middle America 28t> Cushing, H. — Course of the Taste-Fibres 286 Bacovitza, E. G. — Note on the Great Sea, Serpent 287 Biggs, Elmer, S. — Largest known Dinosaur 28/ Parker, G. H. — Optic Chiasma in Teleosts 287 Allis, E. Ph., jr. — Lateral Canals and Cranial Bones of Poly odon folium .. .. 288 Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H. — Blight of Flying Fish 288- Buukhardt, B. — Brain of Isistius brasiliensis 289 Vaillant, L. — Fresh-water Fishes of Borneo , 289 "Wagner, F. von — Parasitism among Animals 487 Ayers, Howard, & C. M. Jackson — Morphology of the Myxinoids 18/ Edwards, C. L. — Note on Phrynosoma 48S Albarran, J. — Functional Inequality of the Kidneys 488 Bertrand, G. — Normal Presence of Arsenic in Animals 488 ,, „ Arsenic in Eggs of Fowl 488 Gessard, C. — Formation of Black Pigment in Tumours of Horse 488 Stefanowska, M. — Growth in Weight of White Mice 489 Legros, B. — Vascular System of Amphioxus >• 480 Alcock, A. — Deep-Sea Life in Indt 'an Seas 597 Gautier, Armand — Arsenic in Animals 598- Sherborn, C. Davies — Index Animali.um 598- Weber, Max — History of the Fauna of the Indo- Australian Archipelago .. . . 598 Furth, Otto von — Chemical Physiology of Invertebrates 598 Waller, Augustus D., & A. Durig — Electrical Criterion of Vitality 599 Maurel, E. — Relation between Weight of Liver and Total Surface 599 Dean, Bashford — Coloration of Myxinoids ' 599 Plate, L. — Studies on Cyclostomes 599 Wiedersheim, B. — " Larynx" of Ganoids and Dipnoi 61 10 Gditel, F. — Specific Differences in the Kidneys of Lepadogaster "(lO Bounhiol, J. P. — Study of the Respiratory Exchanges in Water ,; 0Q Portier, P. — Temperature of the Tunny 600 Eigenmann, C. H. — Unilateral Coloration ivith Bilateral Effect 601 Brown, E. E. — Variations of Garter Snakes 601 Case, E. C. — American Pel ijcosauria 601 Gadeau, H. — How Birds make themselves understood by Man, 602 Schuster, W. — Bird and Man <»02 Carlsson, Albertixa — Marsupial Region of Marsupialia 710 Bame, Dr. — Meckel's Diverticulum and. Concomitant Absence of Csecal Ap- pendix 710' Broom, B. — Phytogeny of Vomerine Bones .. •• 710 Harrison, H. Spencer.— Homology of the Lagena throughout Vertebrates .. .. 710 Shambaugh, G. E. — Circulation in Labyrinth of Ear of Pig .. 711 Bauther, M. — Genital Apparatus of Bats 711 Bidgeway, Prof. — Origin of the Thorough-bred Horse 711 Hatcher, J. B. — Ancestral Canidse 711 Weysse, Arthur W. — Perforation of a Vein by an Artery in the Cat 711 Bezier, T. — Albinism in Birds and Mammals 712 Lonnberg, Einar — Adaptations to Molluscivorous Diet in Varanus niloticus .. 712 Tandler, Julius — Structure of Gecko's Toes '712 Xii CONTENTS. PAGE Bradley, O. Charnock — Muscles of Mastication in Lacertilia 71 "2 Uollo, Louis — Phylogeny of Chelonians * 712 Siebenrock, Fr. — Classification of Trionychidse 713 Phisalix, M. — Origin of Poison Glands in the Land Salamander 713 Parker, G. H. — Sense of Hearing in Fishes 713 Schondorff, Albert — Change of Colour in Trout 713 Siedlecki, M. — Resistance of Gasterosteus aculeatus to the Osmotic Pressure of different Media 714 Zander, Enoch — Gill-Filters of Freshwater Fishes 714 Sollas, W. J. & Igerna B. J. Hollas — Palxospondylus 714 Patten, W. — Appendages of Tremataspis 714 Eastman, C. R. — Peculiar Modification in Permian Dipnoans 715 Scharff, R. F. — Lost Atlantis 715 Verrill, Addison E. — Bermuda Islands 71<; Tunicata. Goldschmidt, R. — Development of Appendicidaria 107 Magnus, B. — Function of Ganglion in Ciona intestinalis 4S9 Isert, A. — Digestive Glands of Monascidiie 489 Bonnier, J., & Ch. Perez — A 'ew Type of Salpa-Chain 490 Hartmeyer, B. — Arctic Variety of Ciona intestinalis t;02 Bourne, G. C.—Neio Molgulid 002 INVERTEBRATA. Deflandre, C. — Adipogenic Function of Liver in Invertebrates 31 Cuenot. L. — Agglutinating and Cilio-phagocytic Organs 31 Wesenberg-Lund, C. — Belict Fauna of Lake Fureso 289 Daday, E. yon. — Microscopic Freshwater Animals of Balaton 716 Mollusca. «• Cephalopoda. Williams, L. W. — Vascular System of Squid ;;i Chun, Carl — Nature and Development of Chromatophores 167 Jourdain, L. — New Cuttle-fishes lyg Schweikart, A. — Chorion and Micropyle in Cephalopods 168 Bergmann, W. — Structure of Ovary in Cephalopods 490 Gessard, C. — Oxidising Ferments in Ink of Cuttlefishes 490 Gravier, Ch. — Nervous System of Nautilus 4 Sharp, D. — Beetle Embedded in Wall of Human Intestine 72o Tower, W. L — Coloration of Coleoptera 72<» Peal, H. "W. — Vasiform Orifice of the Aleurodidx 721 PiNE-Beetle 721 Stebbing, E. P.— Economic Entomology ' 721 Enderlein, Gxjnther — Copeognathx from Kameroon 721 Lea, Arthur M. — Tasmanian Phasmid 721 Aquatic Insects of Neio York State 722 Morse, Max — North American Trichodectidm 722 j8- Myriopoda. Rossi, G. — Structure of Myriopods - 177 Bruntz, L. — Labial Excretory Organs and a Phagocytic Organ in Diplopoda .. 177 Rossi, G. — Odoriferous Glands of Jul us communis 297 Attems, Carl Graf — New Myriopods 297 Pocock, R. I. — New Clasping Organ in a Centipede 490 Williams, S. R. — Variation in Lithobius forficatus 008 Hennings, Curt — Marine Myriopods 722 Verhoeff, K. W. — Intercalary Segments 722 y. Prototracheata- Bouvier, E. L. — Modes of Development in Onychophora 297 Evans, Richard — New Species of Peripatus 008 5. Arachnida. Bosenberg, W. — Monograph on German Spiders 38 Trouessart, E. — Gamasus auris 177 Thor, SiG. — Thick skinned Acarina 177 Stschelkanovtzeff, J. P. — Segments of Pseudoscorpionidse 298 Pappenheim, P. — Development of Dolomedes fimbriatus 29S Ribaga, C— New Hydrachnida and Ixodidse from South America 298 Sheep Scab 298 Halbert, J. N. — Irish Fresh-water Mites -. 490 Neumann, L. G. — Species of Ixodidee .. 490 Bosenberg, W. — Spiders of Germany 497 Dahl, Fr. — Copulation in Spiders 009 Soar, C. D. — Living Hydrachnid Larvx. in Trout's Stomach 009 Rucker, Augusta — New Species of Kaenenia 009 Schimkewitsch, W. — Development of Telyphonus caudatus 723 e Crustacea. Labbe, A. — Fibrillar Continuity of Epithelial Cells and Muscles in Nebalia .. .. 38 Bruntz, L. — Excretory Organs in Malacostraca 38 XVI CONTEXTS. PAGE Lerat, P. — Maturation-Phenomena in Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis of Cyclops strenuus 3<> Murlin, J. E. — Absorption and Secretion in Terrestrial Isopods 3:» Koeppel, E.— Genus AmpMon 39 Launoy, L. — Nucleolar Changes in Secretion of Hepato-Pancreatic Cells of Hermit- Crab 178 Jordan, H. — Function of Mid- Gut Gland of Crayfish 178 Bonnier, J. — Two New Types of Epicaridie 178 CHEVREtx, Ed. — Marine Species of Hyalella 17s Meisenhetmer, J. — Crustacea and Pantopoda 178 Kotte, E. — Integumentary Sense-fhga its of Deep-Sea Decapods 299 Bruntz, L. — Excretion in Cirripedia 299 Halpern, B. — Ventral Nerve-Cord of Crayfish 299 Caullery, M., & F. Mesnil — Gall-forming Copepod in an Anemone 30O Sayce, O. A. — Australian Pltyllopo'ds 300 Hansen, H. J. — New Species of Sergestes , 407 Bidewood, W. G. — New Genus of Copepod 497 Kirkaldy. G. W. — Note on Phototropism of Daphnia 497 Scotjrfield, D. J. — Synopsis of British Fresh-water Cladocera 407 Keeble, F., & F. W. Ga31ble — Cohur-Physiology of Higher Crustacea .. ... .. 609 Thienemann, A. — Statocysts in an Isopod tj]u Thompson. Millet T. — Pare Thalassinid and its Larva Gil Walker, Alfred O. — Antarctic Amphipods 611 Lonnberg, Eimar — Intermediate Form between Mysis oculata and Mysis relicta .. 611 (hevreux, E. — Abyssal Lysiannassids 611 Hansen, H. J. — Anuroptts and Bathynomns 611 Scott, Thomas — Copepoda from Faroe Channel 612 Holmes, F. J. — Deatlt-Feigning in Terrestrial Amphipods 723 Fabre-Dojiergue & E. Bieteix — Emergence of Lobster Larvm 723- Harris, J. Arthur — Habits of Cambarus 723 Holmes, S. J. — North American Amphipods 723 Axmulata. Foot, K., & E. C. Strobell — Cocoons of Earthworm 40 Abel, Max — Regeneration in Limicolse 179 Diboscq, O. — Neiv Species of Alma ISO Livanow, N. — Hemiclepsis and allied Genera 180 Bosa, D. — Typical Chloragogen of Oligochxta 300 Mayer, A. G.— Atlantic Palolo ..' 300 Gravier, Ch. — Eresh-icater Polychiets 30 1 Fatjvel, P. — Oocysts of Polychseta 301 Cowles, E. P. — Notes on Polygordius 301 Spiess, Camille — Alimentary Tract of the Leech 302 Soulier, A. — Revision of Annelids of the Cette Region 498 Treadyvell, A. E. — Artificial Parthenogenesis in Egg of Podarke obscura .. .. 498 Kowalevsky, A. — Phenomena of Fertilisation in Hxmenteria costata 498 Stevens, N. M. — Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis in Sagitta bipunctata 498 Spiess, C. — Minute Structure of the Alimentary Canal of the Leech 61- Herubel, Marcel A. — Distribution and Affinities of Sipunculids 612 „ „ Notes on Sipuncut 'ids 613 Herubel, Marcel A. — Endothelial Derivatives and Pigment- Bodies in Gephyreans 613 Bergmann, W. — Gonads of Hesione sicula 613 Malaquin, A. — Development of Metameres in Salmacina dysteri 613 Foot, Katherine, & E. C. Strobell — Sjierm Centrosome and Aster of Allolobo- phora fcetida 724 Siedlecki, M. — Role of Amoebocytes in Polymnia nebulosa .. '. 724 Izuka, Akira — Observations on the Japanese Palolo (Ceratocephale osaivai sp. n.) 724 Augener, H. — Studies on Gephyrea 725 Gunther. E. T. — Distribution of Mid-ivater Chxtognatha in North Atlantic .. .. 725 CONTENTS. XVU Nernatohelminthes. page Bancroft, T. L. — Intermediate Host of Filaria immitis 40 Stiles, C. W„ & W. A. Frankland — Vinegar Eel in Human Bladder 40 Michel, A.— Species of Rhabditis ISO Voltzenlogel, E. — Hind-End of Ascaris .. 180 Low, G. C. — Filaria per stans 302 Goldschmidt, R. — Sense- Organs of Ascaris 499 Manson, Sir Patrick — Life-Span of Filaria medinensis 614 Miura, K., & V. NismrCKi — Unfertilised Ova of Ascaris in Human Fxces .. .. G14 Montgomery, Thomas H.., jr. — Structure of Pa ragordim varius Leidy 725 Platyhehninthes. Ihering, H. ton — Parasitic Worms as Aids in Zoogeograpaical Investigation .. 40 Zacharias, O. — New Turbellarian 41 Graff, L. von — Notes on Gyrator hermaphrodi'us Elrrbg 41 Mlller, Jos. — Studies on Bi pal ium Species 41 Looss, A. — Trematodes from Marine Turtles 41 Pratt, H. S. — North American Trematodes 41 Stafford, J. — American Representatives of Di-tomum variegatum 41 Perroncito — Production of Hyatid Cysts from Scolices 42 Schneider, G. — Life-History of Bothriot tenia proboscidea .. 42 Linstow, O. v. — Echinococcus alveolaris 181 Boas, J. E. Y.—Triplotmnia mirabilis 181 Bartels, E. — Gysticercus fasciolaris 181 Rossler, P. — Minute Structure of Cyst icerci 182 Buttel-Reepen, H. von — Distomum clavatum 182 Stafford, J. — American Representatives of Distomum cyjuoides 182 Muller, J. — Contributions to Study of Bipaliidce 182 Stcmmer-Traunfels, R. Ritter von — Fresh-water Polyclad 182 Bergendal, D. — Callinera biirgeri 182 Stiles, O. W., & L. Taylor — Asiatic Human Parasites 302 Haswell, W. A. — New Gyrocotyle 302 Pratt, H S. — North American Trematodes . . .. 303 Mareinowski, E. — Sub-CEsophageal Ganglion of Liver-Fluke 303 Osborn H. L. — Peculiar Fluke 303 Zschokke, F. — Marine Parasites in Fresh-icater Fishes ■ .. 499 „ New Case of Dipylidium caniuum in Man 499 Rosseter, T. B. — Drepanidotxnia tenuirostris . 499 Maclaren, N. — Skin of Trematodes 500 Cohn, L. — Notes on Trematodes 500 Johnston. S. J. — New Distomum from Sawfish Shark 500 Curtis, Winterton O. — Life-History and Reproduction of Planar i a maculata . . 614 MacOdllxjm, W. G. — New Monostome from Snapping Turtle 615 Janicki, C. v. — Behaviour of Chromatin in Segmentation of Ovum of Gyrodactylus 615 Lijhe, Max — Peculiar Cestode from Acanthias 615 Schneidek, Guido — Bothriocephalic in the Baltic Herring 615 Gamble, Dr. F. W., & F. Keeble — Bionomics of Convoluta Roscoffensis .. .. 725 Haswell, W. A. — Two Remarkable Sporocysts from Mytilus latus 726 Pcnnett, R. C. — Nemerteans of Norway 726 Incertae Sedis. Vaney, C, & A. Conte — Budding of Rhabdopleurn normannii 42 Ritter, W. E. — Heart of Enter oyneusta 4'i „ „ Movements of Enteropneusta 43 Klunzingei;, C. B. — Ptychodera erythrsea from the Red Sea 183 Anderson, K. A. — Re-discovery of Cephalodiscus Mcintosh .. .. ■ 303 Toche, Fr. — Correct Name of Genus Phoronis 500 Calvet, L. — New Species of Alcyonidi urn 500 Dec. 16th, 1003 b XV111 CONTENTS. PAGB Cumings, E. R. — Evolution of Platystrophia 615 Robertson, Alice — Embryonic Fission in the Genus Crista 726 ,. Studies in Pacific Coast Entoprocta 727 „ ,, Ascorliiza and Belated Alcyonidia 727 Rotifera. Dixon-Nuttall, F. R., & Rev. R. Freeman — The Rotatorian Genus Diascliza. A Monographic Study with Description"!' a New Species (Phites T.-IV.) 1, T21> Wesche, W. — New Male Rotifers ' 18:3 Rotatoria. Montgomery, Mr. Thos. H. — Morphology of the Rotatorian Family Floscula- riadse 727 Echinoderma. Koehler, R., & F. A. Bather — New Cr moid, \?, Doxc aster, L. — Rearing Later Stages of Echinoid Larvse 183 Bell, F. Jeffrey — Antarctic Echinoderms 303 Stevens, N. M. — Experimental Studies on Eggs of Echinus microtuberculatus .. 501 Loeb, Jacques — Experiments on Ova of Starfish 501 Monks, Sarah P. — Regeneration of the Body of a Starfish 616 Caullery, Maurice & Michel Siedlecki — Phagocytic Absorption of Sex- Cells in Echinocardiam cordatum 727 Grabau, A. W. — Development of the Biserial Arm in Certain Crinoids 72S Nichols, A. R. — List of Irish Echinoderms 728 Norman, Canon A. M. — Echinoderms of East Finmarh 72s Ccelentera. Aders, W. M. — Division of Protohydra leucharti 44 Billard, A. — Observations and Experiments on Clava squameda 44 Citron, E. — Minute Structure of Syncoryne sarsii. ' . . 44 Torkey, H. B. — Hydroid* of Pacific Cca*t of North America 44. Gravier, Ch. — Adult Pelagic Cerianth id 44 Carloren, O. — Actiniaria of the Olga Expedition 44- Duerden, J. E. — Significance of Budding and Fission in Madreporaria .. .. 45 Torrey, H. B. — Notes on Anemones and Variation in Metridium 45 Gardiner, J. Stanley — Structure and Development of Flabellum 184 „ ., Notes on Variation, Protandry, and Senescence in Flahellum ] 84 Moroff, Th. — New Pennatulacea and Gorgonacea 184 Tornquist, Sv. L. — Studies on Graptolites 184 Aders, W. M. — Spermatogenesis in Hydra and Aurelia 304 Gunther, R. T. — Ccelentera from Intermediate Waters of North Atlantic .. .. 304 Perkins, H. F. — Development of Gonionema murbachii 501 Tourey, H. B. — Hydroids of Pacific Coast of North America 502 Krf.mpf, A. — Peculiar Structure in Certain Hexacorallia ..■ 502 Billard, A. — Excretory Cells in Hydroids 616 Bourne, G. C. — Some New and Bare Corals from Funafuti 61 (> Kishinouye, Kamakichi — Species of Condlium 616 Hargitt, C. W. — North American Scyphomedusse 617 Leon, N. — Prophysema hxchelii 617 Burger, Otto — Commensalism between Sea- Anemone and Crab 728 Kukenthal, W. — Bevision of the Nephthyidie 728 Hall, T. S. — Occurrence of Monograptus in New South Wales 728 Kerfokne, E. — Development of Graptolites 729 Beecher, Charles E. — Tlie Genus Bomingeria 72!l CONTENTS. xix Porifera. PAGE Cotte, J. — Ingestion of Food-Particles in Sycandra raphanus 304 „ „ Metabolism in Sponges , 3)4 Schulze, F. E. — Indian Triaxonia :;04 Ijima, Isao— Studies on Hexactinellids 502 Lendenfeld, R. v. — Note on Spongilla fragilis 502 Vosmaek, G. C. J. — Siliceous Spicules 503 Zacharias, O. — Carterius Stepanowi Dyb 617 Topsent, E. — Asterosleptidse 729 Thiele, Joh. — Insufficiently Described Monaxonia .. ., 720 Preswisch, Josef — Calcareous Sponges from the Pacific 720 Baar, R. — Pacific Horny Sponges 729 Protozoa. Porta, A. — Reproduction of Acanthometridse .. .. 45 Bougert, A. — New Trypylea 45 Perrovcito — Lamblia intestinab's Fatal to Rabbits 46 Moroff, Th. — New Specie* of Chilodon 46 Laveran, A., & F. Mesnil — Parasites of an Asiatic Tortoise 46 Laveran, A. — Trypanosomas from Transvaal Cattle 46 Laveran, A., & F. Mesnil — Hsematozoa in Marine Fishes 46 Earland, A. — Cymbahpora bulloides 1S5 Siedlecki — New Coccidian 185 Millett, F. W. — Report on the Recent Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago collectedly Mr. A. Durrand. F.R M.S.— Part XIV. (Plate V.) 253 Conte, A., & C. Va'nky^- Nuclear Emissions in Protozoa 305 Penard, E. — New Rhizopod 305 Dangeard, P. A. — Nuclear Division of Amoeba 305 Sherlock, R. L. — Foraminifera of Raised Reef s of Fiji 300 Enriques, P. — Adaptability of Marine Infusorians of Fresh Water 306 Renault, B. — Fossil Infusorians 306 Poche, Fr. — Flagellate Parasites in Siphonophora 306 Dangeard, P. A. — Structure of Trepomonas agilis Dujardin 306 M anson, Patrick — Trypanosomiasis 307 Foa, Anna — Nature of Cytoryctes vaccinas 307 Blanchard, L. F. — Coelomic Gregarine in a Beetle 307 Laveran, A. — Hsemogregarine of Ophidia 307 Mengakini, Margheuita T. — Conjugation of Amoeba .; 503 Schewiakoff, W. — Observations on Acanthometrea 503 Loisel, G. — Senescence and Conjugation in Infusorians 503 Ayrton, W. — New Vorticellid 504 Palmer, T. Chalkley — New Species of Trachelornonas 50 1 Castellani, A. — Trypanosoma found in Sleeping Sickness 504 Dreyer, Georges — Influence of Light on Amoebse and their Cysts 617 Prenant, A. — Myonemes of Protozoa 618 Penard, E. — Multicilia lacustris hauterborn 618 Dangeard, P. A. — Observations on Monas vulgaris 618 Babes, V.— Parasite of Texas Fever 618 Crawley, Howard — Myxosporidian Parasite of Geophilus 618 Argdtinsky, P. — Plasmodium prxcox 619 Voges, O. — Parasite of a Central South American Horse Disease 619 Musgrave, W. E. — Trypanosomiasis of Horses in the Philippines 619 Leger, L., & O. Duboscq — Development of Gregarines 619 Mtllett, F. W. — Report on the Recent Foraminifera of the Malay Archipelago collected by Mr. A. Durrand, F.R.MS.— Part XV. (Plate VII.) 685 Leger, L., & O. Duboscq — Sexual Reproduction of Pterocephalns 729 „ ,, „ Neiu Parasite of Hermit-Crabs 730 Holmes, S. J. — Phototaxis in Volvox 730 Luhe, M. — Progress in Study of Coccidia 730 62 XX CONTENTS. BOTANY. GENERAL, Including the Anatomy and Physiology of Seed Plants. Cytology, including Cell-Contents. TAGE Feinberg, L. — Nuclei of Unicellular Animals contrasted ivith those of Plant Cells.. 47 Kraemer, H. — Continuity of Protoplasm .. .. 47 Ernst, A. — Nuclear Reduction and Fertilisation in Paris and Trillium 48 Wesselingh, 0. van — Nucleus of Spirogyra 4 8 C'avara, F.— Obser cations on the Nucleolus 49 Harden, A., & W.J.Young — Glycogen from Yeast 49 Don ard, E., & H. L abbe — Neio Proteid from Maize 49 Lienard, E. — Reserve Carbohydrates of the Albumen of Palms 49 Arcangeli, A. — Detection of Phosphorus in Plants 49 Chevalier, Aug. — Caoutchouc-yielding Landolphias of the French Congo .. .. 49 Baker, R. T., & H. G. Smith — Leaf-Venation and Chemical Constituents of Eucalypts 50 Maiden, J. H.— Gums, Resins, and other Vegetable Exudations of Australia .. .. 50 Walk, Gustav v. — Specific Gravity of Cell-sap 186 Gautier, Armand — Arsenic in Plants and Animals . 186 Russell, W. — Localisation of Daphnine in Daphne Laureola 187 Ewart — Protoplasmic Streaming 30S Petit, L. — Distribution of Spherulin among Plant Families 309 Mottier, D. M. — Behaviour of the Chromosomes in the Spore-Mother- Cells of Higher Plants 505 Gregoire & Wygaerts — Reconstitidion and Formation of Chromosomes in Somatic Nuclei 505 Rosenberg, O. — Behaviour of the Chromosomes of Hybrids 505 Cotton, W. A. — Behaviour of Nuclei in Plant Hybrids 506 Nemeo — Non-Sexual Nuclear Fusions 506 Lam son, A. A.— Relationship of the Nuclear Membrane to the Protoplast .. .. 506 Schrammen, F. R. — Effect of Temperature on Groiving Cells 507 Kraemer, H. — Structure of the Starch-Grain 507 Matruchot, 0., & M. Molliard — Action of Freezing on Plant-Cells 50S Husek, G. — Starch-Grains in the Root-Cap of the Onion 508 Faust, E. S. — Acocantherin : an African Arrow-Poison 508 Stevens, F. L. & A. C. — Mitosis in Synchytrium 620 Chamberlain, C. J. — Mitosis in Pellia 620 Lawson, A. A. — Studies in Spindle Formation 731 Farmer, J. B., & J. E. S. Moore — Reduction of Chromosomes 732 Guttenberg, H. v. — Crystal-Cells and the Leaf of Citrus 732 Heyl, G. — Alkaloids of Dicentra formosa 732 Structure and Development. Vegetative. Lamarliere, L. Geneau de — Conifer Wood from the Turf -Pits 50 D'IrPOLiTO, G. — Comparative Anatomy of the Stem in Magnolincex 51 Kusano, S. — Parasitism of Buclieya Quadriala M Beyer, H — Anatomy of Anonacene 51 Hansgirg, A. — Protection of Young Foliage Leaves and Seed Leaves .">] CONTENTS. XXI PAGE Cusiiman, J. A. — Localised Stages of Growth 51 Harris, J. A. — Thorns of Gleditschia Triacanthos 51 Daguillon, A. — Distribution of Hair 8 on the Surface of ike Stem 52 Gamble, J. S. — Manual of Indian Timbers 52 Worsdell, W. C. — Evolution of Vascular Tissue 187 Golden, K. E. — Histology of the Wood in Species of Pines 188 Kndriss, W. — Pilostyles Ingie 188 Schoute, J. C. — Stelar System in Flowering Plants 309 Vitllemin, P. — Intermediate Wood 309 Eodrigde, A. — Anatomy and Movements of Porliera hygrometrica 310 Flot, Leon — Foliar Origin of the Stem 508 Col, M. — Bundle Arrangement in the Petiole and Leaf-Veins in Dicotyledons .. 509 Bolygues, M. — Existence of a Pith in the Leaf-Stalk of Phanerogams 509 Quev 'a, C. — Unipolar Stele in Rootlets of Trapa 509 Joesting, F. — Anatomy of certain Groups of Garyophyllacese 510 Thouvenin, M. — Petiolar Glands of Viburnum Opulus 510 Daniel, L. — Modification of Habit by Graf ting 510 ,, „ Experiments on Grafted Plants 511 Esteva, J. — Abnormal Growths in Woody Plant* 511 Chick, Edith — Seedling of Torreya Myristica 621 Kuster, E. — Pathological Plant- Anatomy 621 Chacveaud, G. — New Secretory Apparatus in Conifers 621 Bibliography 622 Matte, H. — Meriphyte of the Cycads 733 Irgang, G. — Sap-excreting Elements in Tropxolum mo Jus 733 Pischinger, F. — Regeneration of the Assimilating Mechanism in Slreptocarpus and Monophyllasa 733 Bibliography 734 Reproductive. Wagner, E. — Lagochilus 52 Barsanti, L. — Cause of Floral Zygomorphism 52 Clos, D. — Theory of the Petiole in the Floicer 52 Dop, Paul — Development of Pollen in Asclepiad* 53 Richer, P. P. — Germination of Pollen- Grain < 53 Gcignard, L. — Double Fertilisation in Crucifers '53 Campbell, D. H. — -Recent Investigations in the Embryo-sac of Angiosperms .. .. 53 Schmid, B. — Development of the Embryo of some Dicotyledons 188 Land, W. G. — Morphological Study of Thuja .. .. 189 Mennechet, L. A. — Fruit of Jacquinia ruscifolia and Trichomes in Myrsinacem . 189 Coulter, J. M., & C. J. Chamberlain — Embryogeny of Zamia 310 Mxiebeck, Sv. — Life-History of Ruppia 311 Reed, H. S. — Development of Macros porangium of Yucca 312 Tkeub, M. — Embryogeny of Ficus hirta 313 Billings, F. H. — Chalazogamy in Carya olivivformis . . . . 313 Hochreutiner, B. P. G. — Biology of Fruit in Malvaceae 313 Nicoloff, Th. — Floral Structure of Juglandex .. 314 Johnson, D. S. — Development in Piperacese 511 Frye, T. C. — Morphological Study of Asclepiadacese 512 Renault, B. — Vegetative Activity in the Carboniferous Epoch 513 Wagner, R. — Notes on Composite 51 3 Borzi, A. — Seeds of Inga 513 Grelot, P. — Laticiferous Tissue in Flowers of Convolvulaceee 513 Oliver, F. W. — Lagenostoma Lomaxi, the Seed of Lyginodendron 62-! Guerin, J. — Development and Structure of the Seed-Coat in Gentianacese .. .. 622 Worsdell, W. C. — Abnormal Flowers of Helenium autumnale 623 Bibliography 623 Coker, W. C. — Gametophytes and Embryo of Taxodium .. .. 734 Morphology of Angiosperms 735 Joel, H. O. — Development of the Ovule in Casuarina 736 Laurent, M. — Formation of the Egg and Division of an Antipodal Cell in the Juncacex . . 736 Bibliography 737 XX11 CONTENTS. Physiology. • Nutrition and Growth. page Bernard, Noel — Physical Conditions of Tuberuation in Plant* 54 Griffin, E., & R. O. Herzog — Photosynthesis 54 Bokorny, Th. — Assimilation of Yeasts 55 Chapin, P. — Influence of Carbonic Acid Gas on Growth 189 Czapek, F. — Nitrogen Assimilation in Moulds 190 Dorner, H. B. — Effect of Composition of Soil on Plants 190 Sablon, Leclerc du — Variation in Carbohydrate Reserves in Stem and Boot of Woody Plants .. 191 Macchiati, L. — Photosynthesis outside the Plant 314 Maze, P. — Ripening of Seeds and the Power of Germination 315 Dandeno, J. B. — Effects of Water and Aqueous Solutions on Foliage Leaves .. .. 315 Bouilhac, R. — Formic Aldehyde as a Food-stuff for Fresh-water Algae, 316 Laurent, Em., & Em. Marchal — Synthesis of Proteids by Plants 513 Pollacci, G. — Assimilation in Green Plants 514 Buscalioni, L., & G. Pollacci— Use of Collodion for Detecting Transpiration .. 514 Amar, M. — Function of Calcium Oxalate in Plant Nutrition 515 Tammes, Tine — Periodicity of Morphological Phenomena in Plants 515 Chick, Harriette, & P. G. Charpentier— Nitrogenous Metabolism in Minute Algae, 623 Andre, G. — Nutrition of Plants deprived of their Cotyledons 624 Bibliography 624 Lutz, L. — Alkaloids as a Source of Nitrogen 737 Hebert, A., & G. Truffaut — Nutrition of Chrysanthemums 737 Bernard, N. — Germination of Orchids : a Symbiotic Relationship 737 Irritability. Heinricher, E. — Influence of Light on Seed- Germination 55 Plowman, A. B. — Relations of Plant- Growth to Ionisation 56 Eobertson, R. A. — Functional Inertia of Plant-Protoplasm 191 Burgerstein, A. — Movement of Perianth Leaves of Tidip and Crocus 191 Newcombe, F. C. — Thigmotropic Root- Curvatures 102 Wiedersheim, W.— Influence of Loading on the Formation of Wood and Past Elements in Weeping Trees 192 Macdougal, D. T. — Influence of Light and Darkness on Plant-life 316 Tkayerso, G. B. — Stomata of Cotyledons 515 Darwin, F. — Statolith Theory of Geotropism ■ 515 Dixon, H. H. — Resistance of Seeds to High Temperatures 624 Bibliography 624 Jdrie, A. — Morphological Variation in Leaves of the Vine as a consequence of Graft- ing 738 Chemical Changes. Newton, G. R. — Enzyme in Ripening Plantains 56 Bokokny, Th. — Yeast Ferment .. . 56 Mcynck, A. de — Sugar in Ripe Fruits 192 Suzuki, U. — Formation of Asparagine in Metabolism 192 Aso, K. — Lime in Phanerogamic Parasites 192 Suzuki, U. — Composition of Seeds of Gingko biloba 193 Balicka-Iwanowska, Gabrielle — Decomposition and Regeneration of Albuminoids in Plants 317 Chodat, R„ & A. Bach — Function of Peroxides in the Living Cell 317 Pollacci, G. — Hydrogen and Carburetted Hydrogen formed by Plants 516 Breal, E. — Experiments with Potatoes .. .. 516 Verschaffelt, E. — Prussic Acid in Opening Buds of Prunus 516 Slade, H. B. — Hydrocyanic Acid in Sorghum 517 Kellerman, K. F. — Effects of Chemical Agents on the Starch-converting Power of 517 Taka Diastase 517 CONTENTS. XX1U page Bourquelot, Em. — Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides 517 Lippmann, E. 0. von — Nomenclature of Enzymes 517 Weevers, Th. — Changes in Salicin in Plant Nutrition 518 Takahasi, T. — Production of Alcohol in Seeds 51S Loew, O. — Action of Uranium on Plants 518 Aso, K., & S. Suzuki — Action of Sodium Fluoride and Potassium Iodide and Potassium Ferrocijanide on Plants 518 Bokorny, Th. — Nature of Protoplasm and Enzymes 624 Javillier, M. — Proteolytic Ferments 62o General. Perkins, Janet — Notes on Styracex 57 ., ,. Re rision of the Species of Lisianthu* 57 Chevalier, Aug. — Monograph of the Myricacese 57 Jaccard, P. — Floral Distribution .in the Alpine Zone 57 Podpera, J. — Plant-Formations and Flora of South Bulgaria 57 Masters & W. T. Thiselton-Uyeu — Chinese Flora 57 Akechavaleta, J. — Flora of Uruguay 57 Greenman, J. M. — Monograph of North and Central American Species of Senecio 57 Cambage, K. H., and others — Notes on Australian Botany 57 Penzig, O. — Plant Teratology 5S Zimmermann, C. — Plant Microscopy 58 Forbes & Hemsley — Chinese Flora 193 Harshberger, J. W. — Strand Flora of New Jersey 193 Vayreda — Plants of Catalonia 318 African Flora XXIV 318 Plateau, F. — Poppies and Insect Visitors 518 Correns — Determination of Dominance in the Colour Characters of Hybrids .. .. 519 Montemartini, L. — Aristolochiaceee 519 Schute, Th., & K. W. von Dalla Torre — German Flora 519 Weight, C. H.— Flora of China 519 Maiden, J. H. — Plants of Lord Howe Island 519 Pinchot, G. — Forest Destruction in the United States 520 Power, F. B., & P. E. F. Perredes — Poisonous Action and Histology of Stem of Derris uliginosa 520 Buscalioni, L. — Mercerisation of Cotton Fabrics '520 Coulter, J. M. — Origin of Angiosperms 625 Smith, Winifred — Myrmecophily in Maoaranga triloba ■ 625 Schulz, O. E. — Monograph oj the Genus Cardamine 626 African Flora , .. .. 626 Bornmuller, I. — FloraofFeno 626 Veruill, A. E. — Bermuda Islands 626 Micheli, M. — Mexican Leguminosm 626 Huber, T. — Amazon Flora 626 Bibliography 627 Berry, E. W. — American Species of Thinnfeldia 738 Nash, G. V. — Revision of the Family Fouquieraeese 73S Coruens, C. — On the Characters of Hybrids 739 Lovell, J. H. — Colours of Northern Gamopetalous Flowers 739 Parkin, J., & H. H. W. Pearson — Botany of the Ceylon Patanas 739 Bibliography 740 CRYPTOGAMS. Pteridophyta. Davenport, G. E., & others — Fern Study in North America 58 Underwood, L. M, & W. R. Maxon— Cttkm Ferns .38 Scott, D. H. — Primary Structure of certain Pal&ozoic Stems 193 Steinbrinck, C — Permeability of Cell-walls to Air 194 Maxon, W. R., & L. M. Underwood — Ferns and Ftm Allies of North America .. 195 Bennett, A. — Equisetum hyemale 195 XXIV CONTENTS. PAGE Bower, F. 0. — Morphology of Spore-producing Members: General Comparisons and Conclusion 320 Underwood, L. M — Botrychium 320 Ccker, W. 0. — Spore-cavity Nucleus in ProihaUia of Marsilia 320 Schwendener, S. — Opening Mechanism of the Macrosporangia of Selaginella .. 321 Leavitt, E. G. — Boot-Development in Azolla 520 Poole, H. S. — Stigmaria 521 Luerssen, C. — German Pteridophyta 521 Clute, W. N., & others — North. American Pteridophyta 521 Farmer, J. B., & others — Cytology of Apogamy 740 Yabe, Y., & others — East Asiatic Pteridophyta 740 M axon, W. K., & others — North American Pteridophyta 741 Bryophyta. Quelle, F. — Rhizoid-Initials of Marchantia .. .. 5R Corbiere, L. — Riella 59 Lett, H. W. — British Hepatics 59 Muller, K.— Eepatics of Baden 50 Evans, A. W., and others— North American Hepatics 59 Salmon, E. S. — New Zealand Hepatics 59 Hergevin, E. de — Interconversion of Sexual Organs in a Moss 59 Grout, A. J. — Peristome 60 Geheeb, A. — Suppression of Redundant Moss- Species 60 Kindberg, N. 0. — Genus Thamnium 60 Salmon, E. S. — Notes on Osculatia and Schwetschkea 60 Wheldon, J. A., & others — British Moss Flora 60 Camus, F„ & others — French Moss Flora 61 Lamarliere, L. Geneau de — Moss Flora of French Caverns 61 Cypers, V. v. — German Mosses 61 Paris, E. G. — Japanese Mosses 61 „ Muscinex of South-East Asia 61 Evans, A. W., & W. G. Farlow — Muscinex of the Galapagos Islands 62 Schiffner, V. — Muscinex of the Atlantic Islands 62 Ikeno, S. — Formation of Antherozoids in Marchantia 321 Benecke, W. — Culture of Hepatics 321 Massalongo, C. — Scapania 321 Douin, I. — Papillate Hepatics 322 Corbiere, L. — Fossombronia 322 Warnstorf, C. — German Hepatics and Sphagna 322 Barsali, E., & C. Massalongo — Italian Hepatics 322 Haynes, C. C. — American Hepatics 322 Barbour, W. G. — Lejeunea in North, America 322 Evans, A. W. — Hepatiae of Puerto Rico 323 Coker, "W. 0. — Two Egg-Cells in Mnium 32:-! Braithwaite, P. — British Mosses 323 Ingham, W. — Yorkshire Muscinex 323 Bagnall, J. 15. — Bicciocarpus nutans 323 Crozals, A. — French Volcanic Muscinex ' 323 Herzog, Th. — European Mosses 323 Roll, J., & others — German Mosses 323 Matouschek, F. — Austrian Muscinex 324 Bottini, A. — Italian Mosses • 324 Kindberg, N. C, — North American Mosses 324 Cardot, J., & others — Mosses of Alaska 324 Holzinger, J, M.— Inconspicuous Mosses 325 Williams, If. S. — Psilopilum , 325 Dusev, P. — Mosses of East Greenland 325 The Moss Exchange Club— Report for 1903 325 Schiffner, V., & J. M. Holzinger — K. G. Limpricht 325 Cavers, F., & others — Ejection of Antherozoids 521 Grimbie, A. — Fertilisation and Spore- Ripening in Mosses 522 Howe, M. A., & L. M. Underwood— Riella ' 52a CONTENTS. XXV PACK Dodin, I. — Spltierocarpus terreslris 522 McArdle, D., & H. W. Lett — Irish Hepatics 523 Horrall, E. C, & D. A. Jokes — Sphagna of Upper Teesdale 52:! Casares-Gil, A. — Homalia lusitanica 523 Krieger — Catharinea 523 Dixox, H. N. — Dichodontium 523 Kindberg, N. 0. — Anomodon Toccox 523 Stirton, J., & others — British Mosses 523 Osterwald, K., & O. Jaap — German Muscinex 521 Bottixi, A. — Italian Mosses 524 Grout, A. J., & others — North American Mosses 524 Watts, W. W., & T. Wuitelegge — Moss Flora of Australia 524 Vaupel, F. — Morphology of Muscinex 627 Pail, H. — Rhizoids of Mosses 627 Beei;, R. — Chromosomes of Funaria h ygrometrica 628 Roth, G. — European Mosses 628 Grout, A. J. — American Mosses 628 Cavers, F. — Asexual Reproduction 628 „ „ Biology of Hepatic x 629 Ikeno — Development of Spermatozoids in Marchantia 741 Limpricht, W., & others — European Mosses 741 Nicholson, W. E. — Weisia slerilis sp. n 742 Kindberg, N. C.—Thamni urn 742 Britton, E. G., & others — American Mosses 742 Paris, E. — West African Mosses .. .. 742 Stabler, G. — British Hepaticx 742 DouiNy I., & others — Europeun Hepaticx 742 Schiffner, V. — Gymnomitrium and Marsupella 743 Evans, A. W. — North American Hepaticx 743 Bibliography 743 Mosses. Warxstorf, C. — European Harpidia 195 Salmon, E. S. — Streptopogon 196 „ „ Calyptopogon 196 Britton, E. G. — Sematophyllum in North America 196 Grout, A. J. — Orthotrichum in the United States 196 Hennings, P.— Microthamnion .. .. 197 Lorch, W. — Leaf-cells of Sphagnum 197 Schiffner, V., & A. Casarls Gil— European Muscinex .. 197 „ „ Muscinex of the Atlantic Island* 197 Macvicar, S. M., & others— Britidi Hepaticx 198 Muller, K., & A. Holler — European Hepaticx ..198 Limpricht, W., & others — European Mosses 198 Keller, R— Mosses of Central Switzerland 199 Fischer, F. — Susiss, Cryptogams 199 Thallophyta. Algee. Blackman, V. H. — The Pyrocystex C2 Merlin, A. A.— Minute Structure in Triceratium 62 Fbitsch, F. E.— Phytoplankton of the Thames 63 Vogler, P. — Variations-Statistics as applied, to Plankton-Diatoms 63 Mills, F. W., & R. H. Philip— Diatomacex of the Hull District Mereschkowsry, C— Licmosphenia, a New Genus of Diatom'. .'.°. Kuckuck, P. — Reproduction of Valonia vf Ernst, A.— A New Genus of Siphonem :!* Lutkemuller, J. —Cell-Membrane of Desmidiacex .. J .~ Hazen,T. E.—Ulotricliace White, D. — Fossil Algse of North America 630 Davis, B. M. — Origin of the Sporophyte 640 Borgesen, F. — Marine Algse of the Shetlands 743 Borgesen, F., & C. H. Ostenfeld — Phytoplanldon of Lahes in the Faeroes .. .. 744 Okamura, K. — Japanese Marine Algse 744 Mereschkowsey, C. — New Genera of Diatoms "^44 Belloc, E. — Diatoms from Morocco 744 Bibliography 744 Fungi. Ruhland, W. — Fertilisation in the Phycomycetes 68 Turquet, J.— Amylomycetes Rouxii .. " 68 Hirschbruch, Albert— Sprouting of Yeast-Cells 68 Guillermond, M. A. — Spore-formation in Yeast .. .. 68 Odin, G. — Origin of Yeast 68 Marpmann — Cell-Nucleus of Saccharomycetes and Bacteria 08 Tassi, F. — New Sphseropsidese 69 Jull, H. 0. — Development of Dipodascus albidus 09 Gluck, H. — Nectria mo^chata 69 Hill, H. — Cordiceps Robertdi 69 Magnus, P. — Gooseberry Mildeio .. .. 60 Delacroix, G. — Diseases of the Vanilla 70 ,, „ Disease of Bananas 70 Thaxter, Eoland — Laboxdbeniacex 70 XXVlii CONTENTS. I'AGli Uoistel, A. — New French Lichen Flora 70 \ acuex Flora of the Tyrol 70 Morteo, E. — Bare Lichen from Liguria 70 Steiner, J. — Lichen Flora of Algiers 71 Harris, C. W. — Umbili car ia in N. America 71 Zahlbruckner, A.— Californian Lichens 71 Brizi, V. — Perforation of Vine-Leaves 71 „ „ Neiv Parasitic Botrytis 71 McAlpine, D. — Black Spot of the Apple 71 Massee, G. — Diseased Pelargoniums 71 Syuow, P. & H. — Monograph of the Uredinex 72 Eriksson, Jakob — Specialisation of Busts 72 Delacroix, G. — Rust on Vanilla 72 Freeman, E. M. — Experiments on the Brown Rust of Bromes 72 Fischer, E. — Researches on Rusts 72 Boedier, M. E. — Genus Amanita 72 Merrill, W. A.— North American Polyporese 72 Dudley, P. H. — Lentinus lepidius 73 Hennings, r. — New Member of the Phalloidese, 73 Lloyd, C. G, — Genera of Gastromycetes 73 Torrend, C. — Fungi of the Seiubal Region 73 Strasser, P. P. — Fungu* Flora of Sonntagberg 73 Ferraris, T. — Fungi of Piedmont 73 Hennings, P., & others — Japanese Fungi 73 Lloyd, C. G. — Notes on American Fungi 74 McAlpine — Fungus Diseases in Australia 74 Pampaloni, L. — Fossil Fungi 74 Oudemans, C. A. J. A., & 0. J. Koning— Fungus Flora of Humus 74 Cooke, M. 0. — Pests of the Floicer Garden 75 Freeman, E. M. — Seed-Fungus of Lolium temulenlum 75 Aekovy, Josef — Leptothrix racemosa 75 Harshberger, John W. — Fungous Diseases of White Cedar 75 Falck, Richard — Oidium Production and the Culture of the Higher Fungi .. .. 75 Oudemans, C. A. J. A. — Critical Notes 76 Gillot, X. — Sap of Fungi as an Antidote to the Venom of Serpents 70 Roland, Leon — Photography of Fungi 76 Tra verso, G. B. — Sclerospora 204 Magnds, P. — Urophlyctis bohemica 204 Henneberg, W. — Research on Amylomyces /3 204 Matrcchot, L. — Biology of Piptocephalis 204 Guillermond, A. — Cytology of Yeast 205 Feinberg — Study of Nuclei in Yeast and Animal Cells 205 Hiiischbrcch, Albert, & Fritz Thibaut — Yeast 205 Haxsex, Emil Chr. — Life-history of Yeasts 205 Salmon, E. S. — Notes on Erysiphacese 206 Barker, B. T. P. — Morphology and Development of the Ascocarp in Monascus . . 206 Massee, G. — Cluetomium Bostrychoides 206 Montemartini, L., & others — New Parasitic Fungi 206 Hennings, P., & G. Linhart — Distribution of Plant Diseases 207 Abbado, Michele — Allescherina and Cryptovalsa 207 Engelke, C. — Claviceps purpurea 207 Baccarini, P. — New Hypomyces 207 Kleuahn, H. — Study of Related Forms 207 Gceguen, F. — Glceosporium phomoides 208 Nouton, J. B. S. — Monilia fructigena 208 Smith, A. Loer ain — Scleroti nia Fuckeliana 208 Finest Lx'K, M. — Research on Lichens 20S Ja'ita. A. — Chinese Lichens 20S Zanfuognini, Caklo — Lichen-Flora 209 Faklow, W. G. — Lichens from Galapagos 209 Allesciier, Andreas — Kryptogamen-Flora: Fungi imperfecti 209 Delacroix, G. — Black-rot of Grapes 209 CONTENTS. XXIX PAGS Farneta, R. — Polymorphism of Microfungi 200 Engelke, C. — Sceptromyces Opizi 209 Bos, Ritzema — Botrytis parasitica 209 Takahashi, Y. — Ustilago Paniei miliacei '210 Magnus, P. — Uredo bistortarum D.C 210 „ „ Hyalospora Aspidiotus 210 Ward, Marshall — Effect of Mineral Starvation on the Parasitism of Puccinia . . 210 Bubak, Fr. — Cultures of Uredinex 210 Blackman, V. H.— Germination of Teleutospores 210 Maire, Bene — Research on Basidiomycetes 211 Hartig, Robert— Dry-rot and other Wood-destroying Fungi 211 Petri, L. — Spore-formation in Gastromycetes 211 Gceguen, F. — Adventitious Growths in Fungi 212 Lanzi Matteo — Italian Agaricacese 212 Farneti, Rodolfo — Boletus Briosianum sp.n 212 Barbier, M. — Study of Fungi 212 Lanzi, Matteo — Value of Spore Characters 212 Rolland, L., & others — Poisoning by Fungi 212 Shibata — Cytology and Physiology of Endophytic Mycorhiza 213 Potter, M. C. — Potato Diseases 213 Briosi, Giovanni — Fungus Diseases in Italy 213 Lagarde, J. — Fungi of Mount Ventoux 214 RIagnaghi, Angelo — Fungi of Lomellina 214 „ „ Fungus Flora 214 Hennings, P. — African Fungi 214 „ „ Fungus Flora of Sao Paulo 211 Farlow, W. G. — Fungi from Galapagos 214 Patouillard, N. — Extra-European Fungi 215 Lanzi, Matteo — II Trattato del Funghi 215 Juel, H. 0. — Taphridium, a New Genus of Protomycetes 331 Dangeard, P. A. — Protascus, a New Genus 332 Baccarini, P. — Endogone 332 Tra verso, G. B., & others — Sclerospora 332 Serbinow— iVew Chytridiacese 333 Mangin, L. — Disease of Chestnut Trees :;:;:; Matruchot, L., & C. Wehmer— Mucorinse '.Vd'.i Vuillemin, Paul — Study of Absidia 3;;:i Hennings, P. — New Discomycetes :;:it Matr, H.— Disease if Fir Trees ■ 334 Hennings, P. — Ruhlandiella berolinensis g. et sp. n 334 Muller-Thurgau, Herm. — Disease of the Vine 3)4 Jaczewski, A. vo\ — Disease of Sorbus Aucupar la ;;:!5 Salmon, E. S. — Gooseberry Mildew in Europe 335 Sanders, J. G. — Notes on Erysiphacex 335 Starback, Karl — Xylarix of South America 335 Lepeschkin, W. "W.— Study of Heredity 335 Guilliermond, A. — Cytology of I east 335 Hansen, Chu. Emil — Formation of Yeast-Spores 33(J Iwanowski — Development of Yeast in Sugar Solution without Fermentation .. .. 337 Neuville, H. — Industrial Ferments of Eastern Asia 337 Sydow, H. & P. — Aslerconium Saccardoi -. S'.'u Potter, M. C, & others— Septoria 337 Constantin & Lucet — Sterigmatocystis pseudonigra ■.. .. 338 Coupin, Henri — Nutrition of Sterigmatocystis niger 338 Hall, G. van — St. John Disease of Peas 338 Voglino, Pietro— Poh/desmus exitiosus and Alternaria Brassicss 338 Czapek, F. — Proteid Formation in Moulds 52S IJapp, R. — Rennet-like Enzyme from Yeast 528 (iUeguen, F. — Helminthosporium macrocarpum 5'1S Reinitzer. F— Disease of Apples 529 Soiiilberszky, Karl, & others — Monilia Disease 529 Bos, J. Ritzema — Botrytis parasitica 529 XXX CONTENTS. PAGE Prunet, A. — Bntrytis vulgaris on Figs 529 Morgan & Roland Thaxter — New Hyphomycetes 529 Long, William, H. — Ravenelias of the united States and Mexico 530 Hulway, E. W. D., & others — Notes on Uredinese 530 Arthur, J. C, & W. A. Kellerman — Cultures of Uredinex 530 Dietel, P. — Ru^ts of Leguminosse 531 Bubak, Fk. — New or Critical Species of Uromyces 531 Mangin, L., & P. Viala — " Phthiriose," a Disease of the Vine 531 Arthur, J. C. — Problems in the Study of Plant Busts 531 Molleb, Alfred — Merulius lacrymans 532 Smith, Worthing ton', (t. — Agaricus (jCollybid) Henriettas sp. n 532 Oodfrin, Julien — Critical Agarics 532 Hollos, L. — Species of Discisceda 532 Johnston, John, R. — Cauloglossum transversarium 532 Cooke, M. C, & others — British Mycology 533 Delezenne, 0., & H. Mouton — Presence of a Kinase in Basidiomycetes 533 Mulleb, P. E., & F. Cavebs — Mycorhiza 533 McKenzie, A., & A. Harden — Biological Method for Resolving Inactive Acids into their Optically Active Components 533 Oliver, F. W., & Ernest S. Salmon — Fossil Fungi 534 Hollrung, M. — Jahresbericht der Pflanzenltrankheiten .. 531 Wehmer, 0. — Decomposition of Lactic Acid by Fungi 534 Czapek — Proteid Formation in Moulds , : .. .. .">:>4 Teichert, Kurt— Fungi in Dairy Products 534 Bremer, Wilhelm — Fat-destroying Fungi of Seeds 534 Ferraris, Teodoro — Fungus Flora of Piedmont 535 Allescheu, A. — Kryptogamen-Flora 535 Bresadola, J. — Fungi Polonici 535 Hariot, P., & N. Patouillard — Fungi from New Caledonia 535 Vestergren, Tycho — Micromycetes variores selecti 535 Cavara, F. — Rare Sicilian Fungi 535 Baumler, J. A. — Cryptogamic Flora of Presburg 536 Murril, W. A. — Polyporacese of North America 536 Bubak, Francis, & others — American Mycology 536 Saccardo, P. A. -Notm mycologicie 537 Hennings, P. — East African Fungi 537 Zopf, Wilhelm — Products of Metabolism in Lichens 537 Reed, M., & 1C M. Davis — Two Mar ine Lichens , .. 537 Fink, Bruce, & Mabel A. Husband — Notes on Cladonias 538 Lafar, Franz — Eumycelic Fermentation 53S Thaxter Roland — Notes on Monoblepharis 640 Kolkwitz, R. — Leptomitus lacteus 640 Bubak, Fr. — Phycomycetes 641 Rothert, W. — Spore-Development in Aphanomyces 641 Deckenbach, Cons, von— Ccenomyces consuens g. et sp. n 641 New England Choanephora 641 Stevens, F. L. — Fertilisation in Sclerospora • 642 Davis, B. 'M.-— Oogenesis in Saprolegnia 642 Matruchot, Louis, & others — Cultivation of Truffles 643 Petri, L. — Peziza vesiculosa 644 Feglion, V. — Potato Disease 644 „ „ Destruction of Seeds by Fungi 644 Nypels, Paul — Disease of the Alder 644 Guilliermond, A. — Epiplasm of Ascomycetes 644 Dangeard, P. A. — Sexuality of the Ascomycetes 644 Salmon, E. S , & Em. Marchal — Infection Powers of Ascospores in Erysiphaceie .• 645 Lesage, P. — Influence of Substratum on Germination of Spores of Penicillium . . 645 Dale, E. — Observations on Gymnoascem 646 Guillekmond, A. — Cytology of Yeast 646 Will, H — Observations on the Vitality of Yeast 646 Henneberg, W., & others — Yeast Forms, &c 646 Cohn, E. — Research on Klein's Yeast 647 CONTENTS. XXXI PAGE Bokorny, Th. — Action of Yeast on Albumen 647 Beauverie, J., & A. GtUILLtebmond — Structure of Botrytis cinerea 647 Brizi, Ugo — Botrytis citricola sp. n 64S Voglino, Pietro — Development of Bamularia sequiooca 64S Marchal, Em. — Busts of Cereals 64S .Tacky, Ernst, & AV. Bandi — Experiments with Puceinise 648 Ward, H. Marshall — Puecinia disperse/, and its adaptive Parasitism 649 Lindroth, J. Ivar. & others — Busts of Special Natural Orders 640 Mangin, L., & P. Viala — Bornetina Goriwm 650 Dietel, P. — Uromijces of Lupins 650 Magnus, P. — Nomenclature of Uredinese 650 Svdow, H. & P. — TiUetia abscondita Syd. sp. n 650 Bucholtz, F. — Fungi hypogsei 651 Hennings, P. — Persistence of Fungal Parasites in altered conditions of the Host 651 Plants Emmerling, O., & E. Abderhalden — Chemical Action of Growing Fungi .. .. 651 Molliard, M., & H. Coupin — Culture of Sterigmatocystis nigra 651 Aroangeli, G. — Notes on Various Fungi 651 Sydow, H. & P. — Notes on Nomenclature 651 Brzezinski, Joseph — Canker of Fruit Trees 652 Moss, R. J. — Fungicides 652 Ferraris, J., & others — Fungus Diseases 653 Marchal, Em., & G. Delacroix — Phytopathology . .. 653 Cotton, A. D. — Wild Plants as Nurseries of Plant Disease 653 Bresadola, J. — Fungi Polonici 654 Murrill, W. A., & others — American Fungi 654 Hennings, P.,& D. M'Alpine — Australian Fungi 655 Vestergren, T., & others — New Becords of Fungi 655 Patouillard, N., & others — Systematic Notes on Fungi 656 Rosenberg, O. — Fertilisation in Plasmopara 745 Matruchot, L., & M. Molliard— Action of Fermentation on the Cell 745 Swingle, Deane B. — Spore-Formation in Mucorini 745 Vuillemin, Paul — Zygospores of Mucorini 746 Ikeno, S. — Systematic Position of Monascus purpureas 746 Martin, Ch. Ed. — Boletus subtomenlosus 746 Stager, Rob. — Infection Experiments with Claviceps 746 Engelke, C. — Observations on the Ergot of Claviceps purpurea 747 Diedicke, H. — Relationship between Pleospor a and Helminthosporium 747 Neger, F. W. — Studies of Erysipheae '. 747 Will, H. — Yeast-forms of Fungi, 747 Cucumber Leaf Disease 748 Scalia, G. — New Disease of Asclepias curassavica 748 Eriksson, Jakob, & Fr. Bcbak — Rhizoctonia violocea 74S Mirsky, Bojana — Aspergilleze Parasitic on Human Beings 740 Bubak, Fr., & others — Notes on Uredi nan 740 Eriksson, J. — Mycoplasma Hypothesis 749> Magnus, Oscar — Changes produced in the Peridial Cell-walls of the Vredineee .. 740 Voss, W. — Clamp-Connections and Fusion in the Uredinese 750 Maire, Rene — Taxonomic and Cytological Notes on Botryosporium pulchellum .. 750 Bambeke, Van — Nuclear Behaviour and Spore- Formation in Hydnangeum carneum 750 Pammel, L. H., & others — Diseases of Grasses 751 Massalongo, C. — Mycological Notes 751 Guilliermond, M. A. — Metachromatic Corpuscles in the Ascomycetes .. .. .. 751 Smith, A. Lorrain — British Mi crofungi 751 Mullbb, P. B.— Mycorhiza .. .. ' 751 Laurent, Emile — Production of Glycogen in Fungi 752 Heinze, Berthold — Production of Acids by Fungi 752 Vuillemin, Paul — Bacteriophagous Acrasias 752 Olive, Edgar W. — Acrasieas 752 Malme, Gust. O. A. N. — Binodina 753 Zahlbruckner, A. — Brazilian Lichens 753 Nilson, Birger — Morphology of Lichens 753 Zahlbruckner, A. — Lichen Flora 753 Bibliography 753 XXX 11 CONTENTS. Lichens. PAGE Jatta, A., & others— Lichens (j.57 M arouse, M. — Mycorhiza (357 Schizophyta. Schizophycese. Hyams, Isabel, & Ellen Richards — Chemical Composition of Oscillaria prolifica 76 Gomont, Maurice— New Species of Fischerella, .. 76 Molisch, H. — Floating Properties of certain Phycochromacex .. 339 Lowenstein, A. — Mastigocladus laminosus 657 Brand, F. — Osmotic Properties of Cells of Cyanophycese G58 Hone, Daisy S. — Petalonema alatum 658 Nelson, N. P. B.— Water-Bloom 658 Nadson, G. — Perforating Algse 658 Lemmermann. E. — Anabsena 65S Powell, C. — Calcareous Pebblts 658 Brand, F. — Cyanophycem : 754 Schizomycetes Greig-Smith, R. — New Gum Bacterium 77 Gorini, C. — Acid-Rennet-forming Bacteria in Milk 77 Lamuotte, V. — Microbe of the u Loque" Disease of Bees 77 Malyoz, E. — Compound Cilia 77 Himmel, J. — Use of Neutral Red in the Study of Phagocytosis, Ac 78 Achalme, P. — Identification of some Anaerobic Bacteria 78 Nicolle & Trenel — Agglutination 78 Schaudinn, F. — Structure of Bacteria 79 Schmidt-Nielsen, S. — Psxjchrophilic Bacteria 7:> Bodin, E., & F. Pailheret — Action of Alcoholic Fermentation on the Bacillus typhosus 80 Klemperer, Felix, & Max Scheier — Identity of Rhinoscleroma Bacillus with Friedlander's Bacillus 80 Krause, F. — Differentiation of Bacillus typhi abdominalis and Bacillus coli com- munis 8 ) Eichholz, W.— Bacterium Fragi 81 Uffenheimer, A. — Bacillus aerogenes aerophilus agilis SI Cole, R. — Bacillus aemgenes capsulatus in Circulating Blood, 82 Greig-Smith, R. — Bacillus vascular um and gummosis 82 „ „ New Ascobacterium from the Sugar-Cane 82 Gorini, C. — Bacteria of the Milk-ducts of the Cow 83 Rigler, G. v. — Bacteriology of Natural Mineral Waters 83 Besancon, F., & others — Bacillus of Soft Sore 8 > Johnson, \V. B. — Gonooccus in the General Circulation 81 Wiley, H. W. — Agriculture and Bacteria 84 Jackson, D. D. — Genus Crenothrix 215 Foulerton, A. G. R., & others — Slrepfothrix '1 15 Chrzaszcz — Micro-organisms of Barley and Malt _.. .. 21 6 Gruber, Th. — Coccus lacti* viscosi and the Causes of Sliminess and Threads in Milk 2 1 6 Ellrodt, Gustav — Penetration of Plants by Bacteria 216 Emmerling, 0. — Destruction of Non-nitrogenous Organic Substances by Bacteria ,. 216 Peirce, G. J. — Root-tubercles of Medicago denticulata and other Leguminous Plants 217 Macfadyen, A., & S. Rowland — Intracellular Toxin of the Typhoid Bacillus .. 'Ill Defalle, W. — Antibodies of Spores of Bacteria 218 Iwanhow, W. W. — leprosy Bacillus 218 Tissier & Martelly — Putrefaction of Meat 21S Eyre, J. W. H.— Bacteriology 218 Frankland, Mrs. Percy — Bacteria in Daily Life 219 Matzuschita — Physiology of Spore-formation in Bacteria 339 Smith, R. Grieg — Bacterial Origin of Vegetable Gums 339 CONTENTS. XXXiii PjlGK Beijerinck & Van Delden — Colourless Bacterium obtaining Carbon from the Air 340 Hasslauer — Bacterial Flora of the Nose 340 Weichselbaum, A. — Cultivation of Anaerobic Bacteria 340 Koninski, Karl — Biology of Anaerobic Bacteria 340 Kurpjuweit — Effect of Oil on Bacteria 340 Rodella — Bacteria in Pus from a Gas-containing Abscess 341 Fernandez, D. — Pigment Bacteria of Water 341 Toyama — Bacterium Pathogenic for House Rats 341 Esmarch, Erwin von — Passage of 'Bacteria through Filters 341 Petrow — New Red Pigment-forming Bacillus 342 Buhlert, H. — Question of Species in the Bacteria of Leguminous Tubercles .. . . 342. Kovarzik, Karl — Epidemic of Guinea-Pigs caused by a Variety of Bacterium coli 342 Wolff, Alfred — Influenza-like Bacillus from a Rat 342 Friedberger, E. — Influenza-like Bacillus from a Dog 342 Schwer — Micro-organism infecting small Animals in the LabonUory 342 Stefansky — Leprous Sewer Affection of the Skin and Lymph-glands of Rats . . 342 Klein, E. — New Pathogenic Microbe of the Diphtheria Bacillus Group 343 Bronstein, J., & G. W. Grunblatt — Differentiation of the Diphtheria and Pseudo- Diphtheria Bacillus 343 Jochmann, Georg — Rapid Diagnosis of Typhus Bacilli 343 Jaeger, H. — Characters of Meningococcus intracellulars 343 Kindborg, A. — Pueumococcus which liquefies Gelatin 348 Harrison, F. O., & M. Gumming — New Bacterium in freshly-drawn Milk .. .. 343 Feyfer, De, & others — Paratyphoid Fever 344 Castellani, Aldo — Etiology of Sleeping Sickness 344 Tsiklinsky — Thermophilous Bacteria 539 Iterson, G. van, Jun. — Accumulation Experiments with Denitrifying Bacteria .. 539 Gerlach & Vogel — Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria 540 Fremlin, H. S.— Culture of the Nitroso- Bacterium 540 Schneider, Albert — Motility of Rhizobium 540 Ellis, David — Observations on Sarcina, Streptococcus, and Spirillum 540 Nathansohn, A. — New Group of Sulphur-Bacteria 540 Fdchs, E. — Staining of Streptotrichacex 541 Andrewes, F. W. — Resisting Powers of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus 541 Macfadyex, Allan — Immunising Effects of Contents of Typhoid Bacillus .. .. 541 Vaillard, L., & Ch. Dopter — Bacillus of Epidemic Dysentery 659 Freddenreich, Ed. v. — Nitrogen-assimilating Bacteria 659 Dean, G. — Disease of the Rat caused by an Acid-fast Bacillus 660 Hausemann, V. — Acid-fast Bacilli in Pijthon reticularis 660 Behrens, J. — Retting of Flax and Hemp 661 Rodella, A. — Presence of strictly Anaerobic Butyric Acid Bacilli and of other Anaerobic Species in hard Cheese 661 Meyer, H., & F. Ransom— Researches on Tetanus .. 661 [ssatcuenko, M. B.— Experiments with Bacterial Light 662 Grandi, Silvio be— Observations on the Flagella of the Tetanus Bacillus .. .. 663 Catterina, G. -—Flagellated Micrococcus found in a Septicemia of Rabbits .. .. 663 Hinze, G. — Thiophysa volidans .. ..' 754 Zacharias, Otto— Achromatium oxaligerum 755 Patterson, J. Hume— Salmon Disease .. 755 Martin, Sydney— Chemical Products of Biarrhcea-producing Bacteria 755 Barnard, J. E., & Allan Macfadyen — Luminous Bacteria 756 Barnard, J. E., & H. de R. Morgan— The Bactericidal Action of some Ultra- violet Radiations as Produced by the Continuous-Current Arc 756 Klein, E— Agglutination by Blood of Emulsions of Microbes, with Special Reference to Specificity 75g Marchoux, E., & A. Salimbeni— La Garotilha " .. .. .. 756 Tissier, H., & E. Gasching— Researches on the Fermentation of Milk 756 Mycetozoa. Pinoy — Culture of Myxomycetes 84 Morgan, A. F.—Lepidoderma .. .. .'. 344 Dec. 1 6th, 1908 c XXxiv CONTENTS. MICROSCOPY. A. Instruments, Accessories, &c. (1) Stands. PAOE Nelson, E. M. — A Two-speed Fine Adjustment (Fig. 2) 19' Ives, F. E. — New Binocular Microscope (Fig-. 3) 85 Watson & Sons' Metallurgical Microscope (Fig. 4) 86 „ „ Museum Microscope (Fig. 5) 8S „ „ Method of Fitting the Stage and Limb of Van Heurck Microscope (Fi No. 3. D. gracilis. ^ in. (149 /x) No. 4. D. lacinulata, T * T , in. (158/*) No. 5. D. ventripes, T ij, in. (133 /x} No. 6. D. Hoodii, yjU in. (195 fx) No. 7. D. Derbyi, jfc in. (141 M ) No. 8. D. exigua, 2 |^ in. (98 jx) No. 9. D. cseca, T ^ (204 /x) No. 10. D. tenuior -rin in. (195 /t) No. 11. T3TT D. eva. No. 12. 5 V in. (267 m) D. ? megalocephala T $ T in. (200 M ) No. 14. D. tenuiseta, ^ in. (267 fx) No. 13. 6 Transactions of the Society. Diaschiza gibba Ehrenberg. PL I. figs. 1 and la. Synonymy. Furcularia gibba Ehrenberg. Diaschiza semiaperta Gosse. Furcularia gibba Gosse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ehrenberg, G. F. — Die Infusionsthierchen. Leipzig, 1838, p. 420, pi. 48, fig- 3. Gosse, P. H. — Mandtic. Org. in class Eotif. Phil. Trans. Eoy. Soc. London, 1855, p. 433, pi. 17, figs. 35-37. Hudson & Gosse. — The Eotifera. London, 1889, vol. ii. p. 80, pi. 22, fig. 10 ; and vol. ii. p. 43, pi. 19, fig. 13. Spec. Cheer. — Body long, large ; back highly gibbous, laterally compressed, abruptly falling off steep to the foot, fiat ventrally ; face slightly prone ; lorica normal diaschiza type, somewhat flexible ; dorsal cleft narrow, straight ; lateral cleft normal ; eye small, frontal. ; foot short, stout ; toes about two-fifths the length of the rest of the body, furcate, thin, style-shaped, slightly acute, and slightly upcurved. Ehrenberg described this species as Furcularia gibba. Gosse, observing the dorsal cleft, re-described it as Diaschiza semiaperta. Then, in his account of Furcularia gibba, vol. ii. p. 43, he failed to observe this cleft, which in some specimens is difficult to define. PL xix. fig. 13, compared with pi. xxii. fig. 10, will show that his two species are identical even to the jaws. This is the largest species of Diaschiza, varying from g 1 ^ in. downwards. The very peculiar eye, which is small and absolutely frontal (not semioccipital as in Gosse's drawing), consists of a hollow hemisphere the flat front of which is clear and transparent, the rest pigmented red. The foot-glands are very prominent. The setae on the foot are especially well marked. The toes vary in length, shape, and curvature. In some cases they are almost straight, but never observed by us as straight as drawn by Ehrenberg, pi. xlviii. fig. 3 ; and by Gosse, pi. xix. fig. 13. In other cases they are distinctly recurved, as in Gosse, pi. xxii. fig. 10. All gradations between these two extremes have been noted at various times. As a rule they are thin, tapering gradually to a point, but sometimes they are to be found stouter at the base, yet we have never seen them quite so stout as in Gosse, pi. xix. fig. 13. This rotifer has a habit of raising its toes over its back. The Rotatorian Genus JDiaschiza. 7 It sometimes makes a run of flocculent matter as mentioned in Gosse's description of Furcularia forficula. It is rather an active species, feeding rapaciously on floccose matter, which often gives a brilliant red or green colouring to the stomach. The jaws have the incus short and stout, slightly swelling at the fulcrum, and the manubria crutch-shaped at the end. Size. — Total length from ^ in. (282 fi) downwards. Toes alone $Iq in. (75 /*) ; greatest width 3^ in. (72 /a) ; greatest depth (from dorsum to venter) 3^ in. (85 /u,).* Common and generally distributed. The Male. — PI. I. fig. la. This sex made its appearance on the 2nd May, 1901, in about a dozen examples in water from Dundee, sent by Mr. J. Hood ; and again on April 29th, 1902, in the Big Lake, Knowsley, Lancashire. It has the four plates, the setse on the foot, the three antennae, the lateral compression, and the frontal eye, just like the female. It is remarkably large for a male. The toes are, strange to say, decurved, sharp, and short. This is the main point of external difference from the female. It is without manducatory organs, and is very restless. The sperm-sac is large, and fills the greater part of the body -cavity. This sex is, as usual, very soft and flexible, contracting and elongating itself, and, in fact, contorting itself into all sorts of shapes and sizes. The figure is drawn from a stout and well- developed specimen, and the measurements made from a more elongated one. It assumes its most elongated attitude when swimming. Size. — Total length yLg in. (233 /jl) ; toes alone t Jq in. (36 /i) ; breadth about 7 ^ in. (36 /a) ; height g£ D - in. (42 fi). This sex is very rare. Diaschiza globata Gosse. PL III. figs. 9 and 9a. Synonymy. Furcularia sphwrica Gosse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gosse, P. H— Twelve new Species of Eotifera. Journ. Roy. Micr/Soc, 1887, p. 361. Twenty-four more new Species of Eotifera. Journ. Eoy. Micr. Soc, 1887, p. 861. Hudson & Gosse.— The Eotifera. London, 1889, Suppl. p. 37, pi. 31, fig. 30. The Eotifera. London, 1889, Suppl. p. 26, pi. 31, fig. 16. Spec. Char. — Body short and stout, snbpiriform ; head slightly narrower than the body ; face not prone ; neck only slightly * Cf. note on our system of recording maximum size, p. 4. 8 Transactions of the Society. marked ; corona encircled by a prominent ring or collar ; lorica normal diaschiza type ; dorsal cleft broad, well marked ; lateral cleft very distinct ; eye frontal, large ; foot stout ; toes short, about one-sixth length of rest of body, furcate, style-shaped, slightly decurved. Gosse's description gives a very good idea of this species. The eye, as he states (Suppl. p. 37), is on rare occasions diffi- cult to define, and is always of the nature of scattered pink pig- ment rather than of a spherical mass. The " collar " round the corona was in all our examples easily observable. The jaws are of the same type as those of D. gibba ; the incus, however, is slightly thinner. This species is uncommon, and only found in small numbers and in few localities. It is lethargic in its habits whether swim- ming or crawling. It feeds on fiocculent matter. For further description we refer our readers to Gosse, only adding that his A sjphmrica, from the figure and also from the somewhat vague description, evidently belongs to this species. Size. — Total length 200 m - (127 fi); toes alone xsVo in. (20 fi) ; greatest breadth 3 -J f in. (50 /x) ; height ^}q in. (53 /t). Local and uncommon. Diaschiza sterea Gosse. PI. I. figs. 3 and 3a. Synonymy. Furcularia sterea Gosse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gosse, P. H. — Twenty-four more new Species of Eotifera. Journ. Boy. Micr. Soc, 1887, p. 861. Hudson & Gosse. — The Eotifera. London, 1889, Suppl. p. 25, pi. 31, fig. 15. Sjk'c. Char. — Body ovate, cylindric, with a soft projection over foot ; head thick, truncate ; neck a marked constriction ; face sub- EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. All figs, x 476. Fig. 5 — Diaschiza Hoodii Gosse. Dorsal view. „ 5a „ ,, „ Lateral view. „ 56 „ „ „ The male, lateral view. „ 6 „ lacinulata Miiller. Lateral view. „ 6a „ „ „ 1 Ventral view. „ 7 „ ventripes Dixon-Nuttall. Lateral view. The Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 9 prone; corona extending well down ventral surface of head; lorica not unusually flexible ; dorsal cleft wide, fairly distinct ; lateral cleft wide, especially towards posterior extremity ; eye frontal, double ; foot stout, about one-quarter length of lorica ; toes about one-third length of rest of body, straight, furcate, style- shaped. Gosse describes this species from a single specimen, and his drawing is so weak, that were it not for his mention of the massive foot with its over-arching tail, it would be difficult to identify. From a lateral view the body is slightly arched dorsally, almost straight ventrally. The lorica ends somewhat abruptly over a stout foot. The distinctive feature of this species, the above-mentioned tail, is a fleshy projection which varies somewhat in the extent to which it projects. Viewed dorsally, it conies to an almost acute point. The seta? on the foot are exceedingly short and fine, and hence very difficult to observe, and it was not until one of Zeiss's apo- chromatic oil-immersion lenses was brought to bear upon them that they were discovered. The projection over the foot, by its contact with the point from which they invariably originate, has probably reduced them to these small dimensions. The dorsal and lateral clefts are so distinctly marked, that we have no hesitation in transferring this species to the genus Diaschiza. The dorso-frontal point of the collar projects slightly. The eye, which is distinctly frontal, consists of two quite separate reniform red spots inside a clear hollow sphere. The jaws are of the gibba type with a very marked crutch to the manubria. In the toe, the under edge is quite straight, the upper curves down from the wide base to meet the lower in an acute point, hence Gosse's description gives it as slightly decurved. This species is often very beautiful owing to the green or yellow spores with which it fills its stomach. We have seen specimens which exhibit quite a cluster of vivid emeralds. Size. — Total length j^j in. to ^^ in. (181-127 fi) ; toes alone g-^ G in. to jl -q in. (41-34 fi) ; breadth and height ±\q in. to ^ q in. (62-42 fi). The larger examples were from Dundee ; the smaller were adult specimens from this neighbourhood (Lancashire). Not common, but occurring frequently in certain localities. 10 Transactions of the Society. Diaschiza gracilis Ehrenberg. PL I. figs. 4 and 4o. Synonymy. Furcularia gracilis Ehrenberg. Furcularia gracilis Gosse. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ehrenberg, C. G. — Die Infusionsthierchen. Leipzig, 1838, p. 421, pi. 48, fig. 6. Hudson & Gosse. — The Kotifera. London, 1889, vol. ii. p. 42, pi. 19, fig. 14. Spec. Char. — Body slender, laterally compressed ; head round in front ; neck a very slight constriction ; face sub-prone ; corona extending very little down ventral surface of head ; lorica flexible ; dorsal cleft distinct ; lateral cleft distinct, widening posteriorly ; ■eye frontal, normal in shape and pigmentation ; foot ample, stout, rather short ; toes about £ length of rest of body, almost straight, furcate, style-shaped. Gosse' s description is on the whole accurate ; but we are certain that the jaws never protrude. This misconception has been already explained in the treat- ment of the genus. "We might, however, add that the fleshy projection over the foot is present to a small degree though nothing like so marked as in D. sterea. The short, sharp, furcate toes are usually carried straight behind and rarely approach the back. A lateral view shows that in each toe the ventral edge is slightly recurved, the dorsal almost straight. The eye is frontal and consists of a simple sphere of red pigment. The jaws have the incus thin and ending in a fine point. The mallei are also long and thin and not crutched. These two latter points, together with the flexible and graceful body, serve to distinguish it readily from D. sterea. The food of this species is flocculent matter. Size. — Total length t }q in. (150 fju) ; toes alone $\q in. (27 fi) ; breadth r ^ (36 fi) ; height g £ 5 in. (40 /j). Common everywhere. The male, PL I. fig. 4a.— Early in July 1902, Mr. C. F. Eousselet sent a small quantity of moss which contained hundreds of females and a large quantity of males, from which fig. 4a was made. It is a very hyaline, soft, restless male, contorting itself into a variety of form which it is impossible to represent in one drawing. The drawing has been made from an average form not so fully JOHRN.R.MICR. SOC.1903.?:.II. 5"b i F.R Dixon-Nuttall del ad nat West. Newman ii'th Diascbizae. The Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 11 extended as when the animal swims freely. It has a frontal eye, slightly marked clefts, short toes, almost straight, slightly recurved. The sperm-sac fills the greater part of the body-cavity. It is without manducatory organs. The three antennse are to be found in their usual situations. Its length is a little more than half that of the female. This is the last of the group with a frontal eye. The second group consists of those species with a cervical eye. Diaschiza lacinulata Miiller. PI. II. figs. 6 and 6a. Synonymy. Vorticella lacinulata Miiller. Ecclissa lacinulata Schrank. „ felis Oken. Furcularia lacinulata Lamarck. „ lobata Bory de S. Vincent. Plagiognatha lacinulata Dujardin. Notommata lacinulata Ehrenberg. „ ,, Gosse. „ ovulum Gosse. Proalcs gibba Gosse (nee Ehrenberg). Notostcmma bicarinata Bergendal. Notommata cuncata Thorpe. Plagiognatha lacinulata Tessin-Biitzow. BIBLIOGRAPHY. "Muller, 0. F.— Animalc. Infusor. Hauniae, 1786, p. 292, pi. 42, figs. 1-5. Schrank. — Faima boica, iii., 1803, 2, 107, 109. Oken. — Lehrbuch d. Naturg., iii. 1815, 1, pp. 45, 844. Lamarck. — Hist. Nat. d. anim. s. vert., ii. 1816, p. 38. Bory de S. Vincent. — Encyclop. method. Vers., 1824. Ehrenberg, C. G. — Die Infusionsthierchen. Leipzig, 1838, p. 428, pi. 51, fig. 4. Dujardin, F. M. — Hist. Nat. d. Zoophytes Infusoires. Paris, 1841, p. 652, pi. 18, fig. 6. Leydig, F. V. — Ueber den Bau u. d. syst. Stell. d. Biiderthiere. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. vi. 1854, p. 38. Gosse, P. H. — Mancluc. Org. in class Eotif. Phil. Trans. Eoy. Soc. London, 1855, p. 432, pi. 17, figs. 32-34. Bartsch, S. — Die Kaderth. u. ihre bei Tubingen beob. Arten. Stuttgart, 1870, p. 35. Eckstein, C. — Die Botatorien der Umgeg. von Giessen. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. 39, 1884, p. 364, pi. 24, fig. 22. Eyferth, B. — Die einfachsten Lebensformen. Brunswick, 1885, p. 107, pi. vii. fig. 18. Blochmann, F. — Die mikrosk. Pflanz. u. Thierw. des Siisswassers. Bruns- wick, 1886, p. 100. 12 Transactions of the Society. Plate, L. — Beitrage z. Naturg. d. Kotator. Jen. Zeitsch. f. Naturw., Bd. 19, NF. Bd. 12, 1886, p. 23, pi. i. fig. 6. Tessin-Butzow, G. — Eotatorien d. Umgeg. v. Bostock. Arch. 43, d. Frid. Naturg. i. Mechlbg., 1886, p. 149, pi. i. fig. 9. Hudson & Gosse.— The Botifera. London, 1889, vol. ii. p. 26, pi. 17, fig. 9 ; p. 37, pi. 18, fig. 8; Suppl. p. 20, pi. 31, fig. 7. Thorpe, V. Gunson — New and Foreign Botif. Journ. Boy. Micr. Soc. London, 1891, p. 305, pi. 7, fig. 5. Bergendal, D. — Zur Botatorienfauna Gronlands. Lund, 1892, p. 70, pi. 2, fig. 18. Bilfinger, L. — Zu Botatorienfauna "Wurttembergs. Zweiter Beitr. Jahresh. d. Vereins fur vaterl. Naturk. in Wiirtt., 1894, p. 44. Kertesz, Kalman. — Budapest es Kornyekenek Botat.-Faun. Budapest, 1894, p. 30. Lev and er, K. M. — Materialien z. Kenntn. d. Wasserfaxina, etc. Act. Soc. pro Fauna et Flora fennica. Helsingfors, 1894, xii. No. 3, p. 43. Scorikow, A. S. — Botat. d. env. d. Kharkow. Kharkow, 1896, p. 86. Stenroos, K. E. — Das Thierl. im Nurmijarve-See. Act. Soc. pro Fauna et Flora fennica. Helsingfors, 1898, xvii. No. 1, p. 156. Weber, E. F — Faune Botator. d. Bassin d. Lt'man. Geneve, 1898, p. 545, pi. 18, figs 5-7. For the above bibliography we are indebted to the last work quoted. Spec. Char. — Body round, back highly gibbous, venter flat ; head long on the dorsum in proportion to body ; neck well marked ; face sub-prone ; corona extending obliquely down to the ventral side of neck ; lorica very transparent, normal diaschiza type ; dorsal cleft very wide, especially in front ; lateral cleft also wide ; eye cervical, on the end of the brain ; foot short, scarcely projecting from lorica ; toes about ^ length of rest of body, decurved, slightly outcurved. This is the oldest of our genus, having been described by Miiller in 1786. His original description is remarkably good, accurate, and detailed, considering the early date and the poor lenses which he must have had. Strange to say, he did not fall into the error into which several subsequent authors have fallen, viz. that of stating that the jaws protrude. He describes the arrangement of the " lacinulre " or flaps as such that " apertura rosacea appareat." Ehrenberg's figure is good, his description inaccurate as to the jaws, and he transfers it to the genus Notommata. Gosse retained the generic name Notommata. He fell into the error of supposing that " the tips of the rami were habitually projected from the front." These, as we have already explained in treating of the genus, are really the projecting Uds of the buccal orifice. "Weber follows Gosse in this mistake, but adds a note from Mr. C. F. Eousselet, which gives a correct view of the case. He rightly, however, transfers this species to the genus Diaschiza. The Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 13 This species is exceedingly abundant, and is to be found in nearly every pond which one visits. It varies very greatly in size from 5 ig in. (90 fi) to y^ in. (160 p), and also in shape, some examples being very globular, others more lengthened. Viewed laterally, it is more or less cuneiform, but the back varies considerably in its rotundity. Viewed dorsally, it varies from an approximately cylindrical form to a wedge shape, a marked constriction separating the head from the body. The head is covered up to the face with the usual stiff integument, and is not, as Weber infers, totally illoricated. The protruding lips of the buccal orifice give the dorsal view of the face that triangular shape to which Weber also refers. The rotatory organ extends obliquely down to the ventral surface of the head, where it is amply furnished with long vibratile cilia. A bunch of stiff* seta surrounds the buccal orifice. The lorica is soft and transparent, of the normal type of the genus. The dorsal cleft is easily observed, wide and well marked. Its edges diverge considerably from the back to the front of the trunk. The other clefts, lateral and ventral, are broad and con- spicuous. The brain is almost clear. The eye, which is cervical, and situated on the lower end of the brain, consists of an elliptical mass of red pigments. The foot is short, and scarcely projects beyond the lorica. The toes, which are about £ the length of the body, vary con- siderably in size and shape. Sometimes they are almost straight, and can be closely appressed to one another ; but as a rule they are slightly outcurved and decurved. The gastric glands are usually tinted in adult specimens with some shade between brown and pink. The mastax is normal, with strongly striated muscles. The jaws have the incus long, and are very robust from a lateral view. The mallei are small and thin. The stomach is often coloured with food of any colour from ruby red to brilliant emerald green. In habit "this tiny sprightly atom " frequently (Gosse: "rarely") anchors itself by the mucous secretion of its foot-glands. It has also a pretty habit of jerking itself rapidly from one position to another without weighing anchor. Size. — Total length downwards from j^g in. (160 fi) ; toes only eJ^ in. (40 fj,) ; breadth ? l Q in. (60 /m) ; height 3 ^ in. (67 /*). Abundant everywhere. 14 Transactions of the Society. Diaschiza ventripes Dixon-Nuttall. PL II. fig. 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Dixon-Nuttall, F. E. — On D. ventripes, a new Eotifer. Jonrn. Qnek. Micr. Club, London, April 1901, p. 25, pi. 2, figs. 1-3. Spec. Char. — Body almost cylindrical, dorsum arched, venter slightly concave ; head separated by slight constriction, deflexed ; neck well marked on dorsal surface ; face sub-prone ; corona ex- tending down ventral side of head ; lorica normal Diaschiza type, projecting over base of foot; dorsal cleft well marked, narrow, deep, straight, widening a little aft; lateral cleft well marked, rather wide ; eye cervical, double, on the end of brain ; foot short, ventral ; toes about \ length of rest ol body, short, sharp, slightly decurved. This species was described in the Quekctt Journal (loc. cit.). Since then we have had great quantities of specimens from many ponds in this neighbourhood. On further acquaintance it turns out to be at times as large as ih in - ( 133 /*)- One of the leading features about this rotifer is its arched back, which gives a bent form to the whole body. This, and the ventrally situated foot, are very striking. The lorica has the appearance of being too large for the trunk, culminating in a clear projection over the foot. The face is really sub-prone relatively to the head ; but as the whole head is depressed by the curvature of the body, it appears quite prone. The lorica and its clefts are normal. The eye consists of a pair of red pigmented, hollow hemi- spheres, fused together at their point of contact. The foot is short and distinctly ventral. The toes are remarkably constant in shape and length in this species, being somewhat short and stout and slightly decurved. The jaws have the incus short, very stout, and specially widened at the fulcrum. The food consists mainly of diatoms, but also of flocculent matter. It is slow and graceful in its habits, and seldom found swim- ming. The general curve of the body, the projecting lorica, the double eye, the ventral foot, and the short stout incus, mark this species as very distinct from D. Hoodii and the rest. Size. — Over all j^q in. (133 p) : toes alone g^ in. (27 //.) ; breadth g^ in. (42 /x) ; height ^^ in. (53 //,). Well distributed in Lancashire ponds. \(Continucd on p. 129.) 15 II. — An Arrangement for Obtaining Monochromatic Light with the Mixed Jet. By Edmund J. Spitta, F.K.A.S., &c. (Read November 19th, 1902.) Since resolution in the Microscope depends upon two functions,, the wave-length of the light used and the N.A. of the objective, it is very obvious, as the latter has reached its practical limit so far as our present knowledge permits us to see, the only hope for increasing the separating power of an objective is to employ mono- chromatic light composed of the shortest wave-length possible. The first means which suggests itself to obtain this desirable end is the employment of suitable screens, but it is well known no glass exists, or at present can be made, that is truly mono- chromatic, save perhaps in the red end of the spectrum, which is of no use for the purpose under consideration. Of course, blue-violet glass is made, but what we mean is that, spectroscopically, the screen passes too much light of other colours, usually red. It has been argued, and in a sense truly, that in photography, provided the sensitive plate is not an orthochromatic one, this does not so much matter, seeing the emulsion is not affected by the red ray, so any blurring effect produced by it would not take effect on the plate, and would not be observable in the developed picture. But. the real difficulty lies in the fact that the red image is so disturbing when mixed with the blue-violet, that it seems impossible to focus with the refinement required in photographing minute objects commensurate in size with even perhaps portions of a single ivave- length. If this be true with photography, it is even more so when using the screen for visual work. Fluid screens have likewise been tried, but it is found, when they are sufficiently dense to be truly monochromatic, the light i& so feeble that the object — anyhow when the mixed jet is the illumi- nant — is too faint to be well and properly focussed on the focussing screen, especially if the magnification be two or more thousand diameters. The employment of prisms of great dispersion has also been well tried — in hands, too, far more able than my own — but they have failed for two reasons. One is, that the light produced is so faint and usually so restricted in area, that the coloured beam is only a narrow strip down the field, even when a -^ homogeneous objec- tive is used ; and the other trouble arises from the fact that neces- sity demands the apparatus to be arranged in a semicircular fashion, and is not capable of being placed in one direct line on an optical 16 Transactions of the Society. bench, which (without the loss of much time, expense, and trouble) is imperative in photomicrography, and even to a certain extent in visual work. The position, then, has for some time been one of compelled rest. About four years ago, however, the author, at the Soiree of the Eoyal Society, first saw the replicas of gratings made by the ingenuity of Mr. Thorp. It may be mentioned that a grating is the name employed for a piece of metal which is ruled with lines so close that they number thousands to the inch. The resulting spectrum is very fine, and although the violet end is character- istically more cramped than is the case with the spectrum formed by a dense glass prism, still it is of sufficient size, if properly manipulated, to fill the substage condenser, even with the use of a i-in. objective. It is, perhaps, needless to state that the spectrum from the grating requires practically the same semicircular arrange- ment of the apparatus as demanded in the employment of a prism of the same dispersion, and hence its use for the purpose in ques- tion is prohibited. Mr. Thorp, however, has discovered a means of coating a metal grating (the one selected for my purpose being 1% in. square, with lines about 15,000 to the inch) with a solution he has perfected, and which dries as a solid film. When dry, he is able to strip this film off the metal and mount it on a glass sup- port. These replicas are very perfect, and reflect the prismatic colours with unsurpassable perfection ; but in this state, so far as we have as yet described the process, still require the apparatus to be arranged in the semicircular manner previously mentioned in connection with the use of a prism or a metal grating. But they have this difference : being transparent, they transmit a spectrum with as much perfection as a metal one reflects it. It is just this difference which constitutes their applicability for the purpose in question. As they can be easily mounted on any glass support, Mr. Thorp now mounts them on corrective prisms of glass of suitable angle, so that he has, after some little trouble, been able to make me one that transmits the violet, blue- violet, and apple-green colours almost in a straight line with the incident light. This enables one to use them with the ordinary optical bench, and so they can be employed both for visual and photographic purposes without arranging any special form of semi- circular apparatus, which is a point of very great importance. They are now commercial, and not at all expensive, some being less in shillings, I think, than the metal gratings cost in pounds. As to the little arrangement I have completed, the apparatus (fig. 1) consists of a specially short and compact mixed jet made by Mr. Beard to the pattern desired, with an addition to enable the microscopist to " turn the lime " by means of a handle shown in the diagram from the eye end of the Microscope as it stands on the base-board, which is a great convenience for two reasons : first, it T'O- 0= Obtaining Monochromatic Light, By E. J. Spitta. IT saves the operator frequently jumping up and down from his seat ; and secondly, it prevents his eye being thrust often and suddenly into the bright light of the incandescent lime, which is quite sufficient to dull its per- ceptive faculties for some little time. A black glass window, however, is let into the case covering the jet, through which, if necessary, the lime can be viewed without inconvenience. The light from the lime is caught by a 6-in. compound condenser, which, after passing through one of Zeiss' thick water-baths, is focussed on a slit, the size of which is not of much import- ance, the one in use being about 17 mm. long and 4 wide. Focussed upon the other side of the slit is a lantern-lens of 5-in. focus, thus forming a collimator from which issue parallel rays upon the film mounted on its corrective prism. This prism is mounted on a table which re- volves on its vertical axis, gra- duations of a coarse description being added for convenience. All these details are mounted on Zeiss' saddles to slide on the optical bench, and when the suitable position is found for each of them they can be locked at will. From the prism the rays fall upon the substage condenser of the Microscope, the instrument being bent at right angles so as to stand on the little table fixed to the base- /" board upon which everything rests. Everything save the *» Microscope is covered in by a suitable casing, which can be easily opened if required, dia- !*■ Feb. 18 th, 1903 18 Transactions of the Society. phragms, &c. being added to complete the efficiency of the appara- tus as a whole. It must be here remarked that for the full efficiency of this arrangement to be secured it is absolutely necessary to obtain critical light most carefully. For this reason it may be well to mention how this may be most easily accomplished. Having removed the film-prism and its saddle from the optical bench, the collimating lens is covered with a slip of black glass, shown in the diagram, so that the eye ma3 T not be blinded. This should not be forgotten, for the direct light is most intense. Owing to most condensers being made to work with more or less diverging beams, such as those derived from a lamp, and not with parallel rays such as in this case issue from the collimator, it is in most cases necessary to raise the condenser nearer the specimen than would be the case if a lamp at a few inches were used. In conse- quence, especially if the slip be a thick one, it may in some in- stances be impossible to raise the condenser high enough to see the markings on the lime — in other words, to obtain critical light. To do this properly, then, a 7 to 10-in. common negative spectacle lens must lie placed immediately beneath the condenser, which rectifies the trouble and enables the microscopist to obtain the critical images without further difficulty. In my case, Mr. Conrady computed and made me a special front to his condenser, which does away with the necessity. With respect to the selection of an immersion con- denser, it is most important to obtain one with as large an aplanatic cone as possible, because, failing this, less oblique light can be profitably used, and the final resolution is affected most seriously. It should be recollected, too, that as the spectra from the hori- zontal as well as the transverse lines must both at one and the same time be seen in the back lens of the objective (the eye-piece being removed), it is obviously most important to use one with as high a N.A. as possible, for a great difference is noticeable in the resolving power even if a 1 • 30 apochromatic be used instead of a 1-40. Seeing that one of the great difficulties hitherto experienced in using monochromatic light with a mixed jet is to get enough of it, so it is only fair to point out that the best limes procurable should be used, but perhaps it is more important still to obtain the purest •oxygen. Some oxygen on the market contains a large amount of impurities, chlorine, air, and so on, probably through carelessness in its manufacture ; hence, while admitting that others may make as good, the author has no hesitation in recommending the gas produced by Brin's Oxygen Co., for the simple reason that, owing to the company frequently testing it during manufacture in every process, and finally before filling the cylinders, it is sent out prac- tically pure. 19 NOTE. A Two-speed Fine Adjustment. By Edward M. Nelson. TO make use of a common but apt expression, we may say that the two-speed fine adjustment has " come to stay." I have not been able to hunt up back volumes to discover the first inventor of a two-speed fine adjustment, but if we go back only as far as 1899, and turn up page 139 of the Journal for that year, we shall find a new Microscope figured and described by Mr. Keith Lucas, its designer. The principal novelty in this Microscope lies in the peculiar form of its coarse and fine adjustments. Probably it would be more accurate to describe this instrument as a Micro- scope possessing a two-speed fine adjustment and no coarse adjust- ment, and this is the exact point where this ingeniously designed Microscope fails — it lacks a coarse adjustment, its so-called coarse adjustment being in reality a quick fine adjustment. In 1901 we had three forms of two-speed fine adjustments brought by Mr. Ashe to the notice of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Two of these were of the differential screw type, and all of them were very skilfully designed. Since then we have had a new two-speed fine adjustment brought before us in the Males-Watson Microscope, exhibited here at the June Meeting, 1902. This is the only two-speed fine adjustment I have had the opportunity of practically testing ; its performance was not only perfectly steady, but it was prompt in its action as well. It would seem that the best kind of two-speed fine adjustment will eventually settle down to some sort of combination of levers, for an arrangement of screws working within screws will require fine finish and careful adjustment if the movement is to be steady und prompt. Now, to my somewhat fastidious eye, the Males- Watson device is susceptible of improvement in two minor points. First, the slower movement is actuated by a micrometer-screw placed in the middle of the horizontal arm, and the quicker or rougher adjustment has its screw placed at the posterior end of the arm immediately over the limb, i.e. the position of greatest steadiness. Now it seems reasonable that if the positions of these were reversed, and the coarser movement were placed at the weaker point, and the more delicate movement at the steadiest point of the arm, an undoubted improvement would be effected. Again, the difference between the speeds in the two-speed gear fitted to the Microscope exhibited before this Society was not sufft- c 2 20 Note. ciently great to warrant the trouble and expense of this extra fitting. If, for instance, we could get speeds of, say, 5 ^ and ^ for a revolution of each of the respective micrometer-screws, then the full benefit of a two-speed fine adjustment would be at once apparent. Now, as the speed of an ordinary coarse adjustment may be taken as * 65 in. for each revolution of the coarse adjust- ment pinion, a ^ will be 19^ times slower than the coarse ad- justment, and 16£ times faster than the finest. (If the inter- mediate motion had a movement of • 036 in. for each revolution it would be 18 times slower than the coarse, and 18 times faster than the finest adjustment.) But in the Microscope exhibited here the intermediate adjust- ment had a speed of T ^ in. for each revolution, which is three times slower than the fine adjustment of the ordinary Continental Microscope. Fig. 2 illustrates the proposed alteration, which, like the Males-Watson, consists of a lever of the second order engaging D III; Hi ■in rt 1 B O x -52 F n TX Fig. 2. with one of the first ; the springs at E and ¥ to keep the levers A and B in close contact with the micrometer-screws C and D are not shown. If, for example, the lever A had a ratio of 2:1, and B 4 : 1, and the micrometer-screw C had 15 threads, and that at D 65 threads to the inch, very suitable speeds would be obtained. Both micro- meter-screws should be left-handed. SUMMARY OE CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY (PRINCIPALLY INVERTEBRATA AND CRYPTOGAMIA), MICROSCOPY, Etc.* ZOOLOGY. VEBTEBBATA. a. Embryology. f Carbonic Acid as a Provocative of Artificial Parthenogenesis.^ — Yves Delage finds that the ova of starfish just beginning to show signs of maturation may be induced to develop parthenogenetically by being placed for an hour in sea-water charged with carbon dioxide. It is a simple method to make seltzer water with sea-water, and to put the eggs in it, but the results are astounding. Every precaution to ensure the absence of spermatozoa was taken, and more ova began to develop than if spermatozoa had been supplied. The developing ova formed very vigorous blastulae and gastrulse and characteristic Auricularia-larvae, quite normal and agile. Agency of Carbon Dioxide in inducing Artificial Partheno- genesis. § — Yves Delage has shown that the presence of this gas in sea- water may induce parthenogenetic development in starfish (Asterias) eggs. This gas is acid, anaesthetic, and inhibitory to respiration ; and it increases the osmotic pressure of the water. Experiments go to show that it is not in virtue of any of these properties that it induces par- thenogenesis. To say that it acts as a specific stimulant or as an accelerator)' catalytic is merely to use words. A hint is found in the fact that the experiment with C0 2 only succeeds when the ova are sub- jected to the unusual environment just as they are about to exhibit maturation-division or just before the reduced nucleus has passed into a state of rest. The poisonous action of the C0 2 inhibits further pro- cedure, but when the eggs are replaced in ordinary sea- water they recover and go on with their division, it may be on somewhat different lines. * The Society are not intended to be denoted by the editorial " we," and they do not hold themselves responsible for the views of the authors of the papers noted, nor tor any claim to novelty or otherwise made by them. The object of this part of the Journal is to present a summary of the papers as actually published, and to describe and illustrate Instruments, Apparatus, &c, which are either new or have not been previously described in this country. t This section includes not only papers relating to Embryology properly so called, but also those dealing with Evolution, Development, Reproduction, and allied subjects. % Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 570-3. § Tom. cit., pp. 605 9. 22 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Delage's general view is that the agents which induce artificial partheno- genesis act as temporary poisons. Artificial Parthenogenesis.* — C. Viguier notes that the develop- ment or commencement of development of eggs which would not spon- taneously develop, is now known to be induced by (1) changes in sur- rounding temperature ; (2) mechanical excitation, notably shaking ; (3) exposure to various solutions, which may have a directly chemical, or osmotic, or catalytic action ; and (4) to the introduction of sperma- tozoa of a different species from the ovum. Viguier has experimented with Splicer echinus, Toxopnwstes, and Arbacia, and emphasises the absence or rarity of artificial partheno- genesis under the above modes of treatment. Only the third mode gave any positive results. Reappearance in Offspring of Lesions Artificially induced in the Mother.f — A. Charrin, Gr. Delamare, and Moussu find that the progeny of pregnant rabbits and guinea-pigs, subjected to laparotomy, some- times show congenital hepatic or renal lesions (congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration, &c). The state of the diseased organ in the offspring is precisely analogous to that of the artificially deteriorated organ in the mother. The authors conclude that " characters acquired by the mother may be transmitted to the offspring. This transmission, this selective action at a distance, this vital induction, this influence of a parent's organ on the corresponding organ of the offspring, is due to the action of soluble substances." Thus they explain the reappearance in successive genera- tions of congenital distrophy of liver, kidneys, &c. That the phenomena are in the strict sense facts of inheritance is another question. Note on Oogenesis in Mammals. J — Hans von Winiwarter dis- cusses the so-called " Balbiani's body " (NebenJcern) in the oocytes of man and rabbit. The Nebenlcern in the human ovum is an idiozome and equivalent to a similar body in the oocyte of the rabbit ; but the Balbiani's body of the rabbit's ovum is not an idiozome ; it is a quite distinct and accessory chromatoid structure. Retrogressive Changes in Ovarian Follicle of Amphibians.§- A. Biihler finds that these begin with two almost contemporaneous pro- cesses : — a chromatolytic dissolution of the germinal vesicle, and the penetration of follicular epithelium and some leucocytes into the ovum. The epithelial cells have most to do with absorbing component parts of the ovum, especially yolk and pigment, the dissolved results of which are removed via the blood-vessels. While the whole is being reduced in this way, there is an intrusion into the follicle of connective tissue from the theca, and this, as shrivelling proceeds, replaces the degenerat- ing follicular epithelium, which finally disappears into the stroma ovarii. Germ-Cells and Germinal Continuity. — John Beard read a paper on this subject to the Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh, on November 24. The following abstract is published in the billet. The germ-cells of * Comptes Rtndus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 197-9. f Tom. cit., pp. 189-91. t Anat. Anzeig., xxi. (1902) pp. 401-7 (3 figs.). § Morph. Jahrb., xxxi. (1902) pp. 85-103 (2 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 23 Raja batis are products of the egg-cleavage. Their number is a definite one, 256 in the male, 512 in the female. As they arise before an embryo, on the unfolding of this latter they have to immigrate intu- it. Only a percentage of them find the way to the normal position, the germinal nidus. The rest, from 10 p.c. to 28 p.c, occupy various abnormal positions, and many of them degenerate in these. Hardly an organ in the vertebrate body is free from possible "infection " by such aberrant germ-cells. In this way one comes to recognise in them the hypothetical "lost germs" of pathologists, but these are entities quite different from anything ever imagined by any pathologist, and, more- over, structures endowed with far more potent attributes for mischief than any " lost germs " ever conceived of by pathologists. Such aberrant germ-cells are undoubtedly the seed of those tumours T identified by Wilms as rudimentary embryos or "embryomas." But in mammals the development of such an aberrant germ-cell, or of its pro- ducts, at a later period of life gives rise to something lying in a different portion of the life-cycle, to a pathological asexual generation, or chorion. This is a structure with indefinite unrestricted process of growth, and the tumours generally classed as carcinomatous are of this nature. The problem of cancer is thus a very simple one of embryology. Spermatogenesis in Sparrow.* — G. Loisel sums up his researches on this subject. He follows the history of the germinal cells through their successive stages, — spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. The cells of Sertoli are hypertrophied germinal cells, in which the function of internal secretion is dominant. They show three successive phases analogous to the phases in spermatogenesis. Loisel lays particular emphasis on the cytogenic function of the testis (awk- wardly called " morphological secretion ", and the glandular function (chemical secretion) which produces, especially in spring, a fluid con- taining iron, — an excitant to the seminal epithelium. Dimorphism of Spermatoaoa.f — Fr. Meves has continued his in- vestigation of this interesting subject. He gives an account of the spermatogenesis in Palvdina, which has normal " hair-like " and peculiar " worm-like " spermatozoa. The former may be called " eupyrene " [cv and Trvprjv = nucleus], and the latter " oligopyrene" for they have little nuclear material. In the case of the Lepidopteron Pygcera, the term " apyrene" is more appropriate for the peculiar type of spermatozoa, corresponding to the oligopyrene type in Paludina. Meves gives an account of the spermatogenesis in both cases. We have brought this paper — which deals with a Gasteropod ami an insect — under the general heading " Embryology,'" and we restrict our- selves to noting that the author discusses the dimorphic spermatogenesis, the problem of " reduction," the nomenclature of cell-centres, and the very difficult question as to the possible function of oligopyrene and apyrene spermatozoa. As to the last point, Meves is very cautious, but he is evidently disinclined to regard the forms with little or no nuclear material as functionless. * Journ. Anat. Physiol., xxxviii. (1902) pp. 112-77 (4 pis. an., x. (1902) Notes et Revue, pp. Ixxxiv.-xciv. § Mem. Acad. Daneinark, Copenhagen, xii. (1902) pp. 155-218 (3 pla. and 1 map). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 33 5. Iiamellibranchiata. Monstrosities in Bivalves.* — F. C. Baker notes that in fresh-water forms these are often due to external accidents, e.g. trampling by cattle. They are commonest about fords and shallows. He describes and figures cases in Lampsilis alata, L. ligamentina, and Unio gibbosus. Innervation of Mantle of Pecten.t — L. Boutan describes an inde- pendent " circum-pallial " nerve-centre which has to do with the sensory structures so greatly developed on the periphery of the mantle of Pecten. It is connected with the cerebral and pal lio- visceral ganglia, but if the connecting branches be cut, it retains its functional integrity. It is ten times larger than all the three other ganglia combined. The pallio- visceral ganglia also innervate the mantle, excepting the portion known as the " capuchon cephalique." Arthropoda. a. Insecta. Morphological Significance of Chitinous Cuticle. J — Hils Holmgren seeks to show that all vertically striated chitinous structures — of one layer or of several layers — in insects, at least, are morphologically and phylogenetically to be interpreted as chitinised and coalescent ciliary hairs. The chief support of his contention is that all the chitin-matrix cells which he has studied have apically a row of blepharoblasts with which the pillars forming the cuticle are in connection. The same disposition of blepharoblasts in relation to a ciliary fringe is well known. The " Stabchensaum," or " Harchensaum," or " plateau striee," e.g. of the gut of Chironomus, is homologous with a ciliary fringe. Thus some light is supposed to be thrown on the absence of cilia in Arthropods. Insects of the Drift Line.§ — Laetitia M. Snow has studied the insects along and around the line of drift thrown up by the waters of Lake Michigan in the spring of 1902. The collections included 114 species, of which 51 were identified. " We have here a little community of food -providers and food- obtainers, whose population varies with the season, the wind (probably), the beach conditions, and the relative abundance of the various forms. For example, we found (1) the occurrence was in succession ; (2) the population increased apparently at times when an off-shore wind was followed by a lake breeze ; (3) it also increased with the temperature ; (4) the greatest numbers occurred on beaches of low gradient and of smooth fine sand ; (5) the abundance of scavenger forms depended upon the abundance of dead herbivorous and predaceous forms and other refuse ; (6) the abundance of predaceous forms depended upon the presence of active scavenger and herbivorous and smaller predaceous forms." Calorimetric Measurements in Reference to Pupse of Lepidoptera.|| P. Bachmetjew has made a large number of experiments on the specific * Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, xi. (1901) pp. 143-6 (1 pi.). + Comptes Kendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 587-9. X Anaf,. Anzeig., xxi. (1902) pp. 373-8 (5 figs.). § Amer. Nat., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 855-64. || Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., lxxi. (1902) pp. 550-624 (9 figs.). Feb. 18th, 1903 D 34 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO heat of dried pupse, living pupae, pupal fluid, and on the behaviour of pupal fluids under heat and cold. His experiments relate especially to- Deilephila euphorbia and Saturnia spini. Innervation of Metacephalic Segment.* — K. W. Verhoeff describes in detail the nerves of this segment, which corresponds to the maxillipede- segment of Chilopoda, and is otherwise known as the microthorax or " Nacken-segment " in insects. As the result of his researches, he pro- poses the new order Oothecaria (including Blattodea and Mantodea), which, along with the Phasmodea and the Saltatoria make up the old order Orthoptera. Excretory Processes in Insects.j — Nils Holmgren finds in Apion Jlavipes, one of the Curculionidas, four long Malpighian vessels and two short acinous glands, which are modified Malpighian vessels. In Dacytus niger, one of the Cantharidse, there are six normal Malpighian tubes, but the female has also 6 club-shaped accessory structures, which may be modified Malpighian tubes. In both cases the excretory products arise in the nuclei of the ex- cretory cells, pass into the cytoplasm, and are eliminated into the lumen of the organ. The same process was observed after injection with pigments such as methylen-blue. Mouth-parts of Insects.J — V. L. Kellogg notes that the determina- tion of the homologies of the mouth-parts is as yet far from satisfactory, especially as regards Diptera. There is need for the solid grounding of interpretation on a more complete knowledge of the development. His paper is a contribution towards this end. Stridulation of Death's Head Moth.§ — Ruggero Cobelli has made some experiments with Acherontia atropos, and finds secure evidence that the stridulation is exclusively due to the rhythmic friction of the two portions of the proboscis, one upon the other. It seems necessary to reject the interpretation of the so-called " voice," which has been given by various entomologists from Duges onwards. Of "voice," in the strict sense, there is no evidence ; according to Cobelli the sound pro- duced is wholly due to stridulation. Butterflies of Borderland between North and South America.|| — F. D. Godman and the late Osbert Salvin have enriched zoology by the two volumes here referred to on the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Central America. Part of the interest of the work is in its analysis of the results of the meeting of the two contrasted faunas of the Holarctic and Neotropical regions. Prof. Poulton writes : " The whole of the vast mass of material in these and the great series of companion memoirs is a remarkable testimony to the insight of P. L. Sclater, in drawing the * Zool. Anzeig., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 20-31 (9 figs.). t Auat. Anzeig., xxii. (1902) pp. 225-39 (12 figs.). X Amer. Nat., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 683-706 (26 figs.). § Verb.. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Hi. (1902) pp. 572-4. || *Biologia Centrali-Amerieana. Insecta, Lepidoptera Rhopalocera,' vols. i. and ii. (1879-1901) xlvi., 487, and 782 pp. and 112 pis. See Nature, lxvii. (1902)- pp. 25-7. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 35 outlines of his regions, of Darwin in laying down the principles of geo- graphical distribution in the Origin, and of Wallace in his masterly development of the subject in his great works on the geographical distribution of animals. These principles have been tested by an appeal to the facts collected with consummate skill and care, from the most critical area in the world, and assuredly they have not been found wanting." Seasonal Dimorphism in Butterflies.* — F. A. Dixey gives an account of observations by himself and by G. A. K. Marshall. Thus Catopsilia pomona Fabr. (including G. catilla Cram.) and C. crocale Cram, are phases of one species, which in one part of their range appear to be in relation with the seasons. Similarly G. pyranthe L., is conspecific with G. gnoma Fabr., in more marked, but apparently not universal correlation with the seasons. Some cases of simultaneous occurrence of dimorphic forms are explained as due to an overlapping at the change of seasons, or lack of differentiation in the climatic conditions. Marshall has proved by actual breeding the specific identity of six pairs of forms. The final stage can, in many cases, be influenced by the artificial application of heat or moisture during the pupal condition. Colour of Silk.f — D. Levrat and-A. Conte have made experiments on Bombyx mori and Attacus orizaba, and find that an ingested substance, e.g. pigment, can pass from the gut to the silk-glands by the blood. Greenish silk is due to chlorophyll, the spectrum of which was demon- strated in the blood of Anther rea yama mai. As Dubois and Blanc have shown, the yellow colour of some silk is directly due to the diet of mul- berry leaves. Study of an Ant.J — Adele M. Field has studied Stenamma fulvum piceum for three years. From among her interesting observations, we select the following. There is no regeneration of the antennae. A single worker may live apparently well in isolation for six months. Familiarity with the nest-aura does not reconcile aliens. The kings have the distinctive odour of their blood-relations. Virgin queens show marked preference or dislike toward certain kings ; queens having once mated permit no close approach of an alien king, and do not respond to the attentions of kings of their own lineage ; they may drop their wings without assistance from workers ; light and warmth appear to be required for the stimulation of the king and queen to mating. Some experiments suggest definite intellectual memory. The ants in question are very discriminating in regard to the odour of all ants introduced into their dwelling, whether of their own or some other lineage. The hereditary odour descends through the mother, and is unaffected by the father whether of the same lineage or of an alien colony. A cause for the hostility of one colony to another of the same species and variety is a difference of odour, coincident with dif- ference of age in the individuals composing the colony. Many experi- ments in regard to sensitiveness to light were made. * Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, 1902, pp. 189-218 (1 pi.). t Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 700-2. % Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, pp. 599-625 (2 figs.). D 2 36 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Gynandromorphism in Hilara wheeleri sp. n.* — A. L. Melander describes in this new species a rather rare anomaly, viz. antero-posterior or " tandem " hermaphroditism. The front part of the body resembled the normal male, while the abdomen was exactly like that of the female. Spermatogenesis in Cybister rosselii. - ] - — D. N. Voinov describes two different modes of spermatogenesis in this insect. They give rise to two kinds of spermatozoa, different in structure, and perhaps dif- ferent otherwise. The two processes occur at different times of year, but among the elements of one kind there are abortive representatives of the other. Dimorphism of spermatozoa has been noted in some other insects, in Pygccra tricephala by Meves, and in Staphylinus by Holmgren ; it also occurs in Paludina and elsewhere. Malayan Phasmidse and a Flower-like Beetle Larva.J — Nelson Annandale describes the appearance and habits of Lonchodes sp., a Malayan Phasmid, which he invariably found standing upon the upper surface of broad leaves, especially on those of the wild Banana (Musd), exposed to the full blaze of the mid-day sun. " The insects did not lie along the midrib of the leaf in the characteristic Phasmid attitude of rest, but stood upright, the body being supported on the bent limbs at the height of about an inch above the surface of their resting-place. In this position the red coloration of the insect made it very con- spicuous from above, against the pale green of its support ; while even from below, its shadow was perfectly visible through the translucent tissues of the leaf." The author also describes the peculiar larva of a beetle, apparently one of the Endomychidge, which is covered with white filaments, appa- rently of a waxy nature, rising from minute papillse on the dorsal surface of the flat and broad body. " Seen in profile, the larva bore a ludicrous resemblance to a miniature hedgehog, an animal which was also suggested by its gait." It also resembled the head of a species of groundsel, but it was never found associated with this plant. Berlese's Bursa in Acanthia lectularia L.§ — D. Carazzi gives a description of the " bursa " which Berlese found in the bed-bug, and interpreted as a spermatophagous organ for destroying surplus sperma- tozoa. Carazzi has not confirmed the interpretation, but he has added to our knowledge of this puzzling structure. Larva of Giant Crane Fly.|| — V. L. Kellogg publishes as one of a series of " studies for students " notes on the structure of the larva of the largest kno^n Dipteron — Holorusia rubiginosa, whose life-history has not been previously described. It does not occur except on the Pacific Coast, but the account will be found to answer as a guide to the dissection of any other Tipulid larva. Cricket of Aquatic Habits. IF — L. C. Miall and G. Gilson describe Hydropedeticus vitiensis g. et sp. n., a cricket found by Gilson in a clear * Psyche, ix. (1901) pp. 213-5 (2 figs.). t Comptes Renrius, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 201-3. % Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, xiv. Session 1900-1901 (1902) pp. 439-44. § Internat. Monatschr. Anat. Physiol., xix. (1902) pp. 337-48 (1 pi. and 1 fig.). || Psyche, ix. (1901) pp. 207-13 (2 figs.). ) by budding. Corre- sponding thereto are two kinds of juvenile forms : — (a) uninuclear individuals of considerable size, with well-developed skeleton ; and (b) multinuclear individuals of small size, in which the skeleton is absent, or very slightly developed. In Acanthometra cuspidata Hkl. the author found a peculiar para- site — Amcebophrya acanthometra — as yet mcertce sedis. New Tripylea.§ — A. Borgert describes, from the material of the German Plankton Expedition, some interesting new Radiolarians, be- * Ann. Nat. Hist., lix. (1902) pp. 382-93 (4 figs.). t Proo. Washington Acad. Sci., iv. (1902) pp. 373-410 (2 pis. and 17 figs.). t Rend. R. 1st. Lombardo. xxxiv. (1901) pp. 811-22 (2 pis.). § Zool. Jahrb., xv. (1902) pp. 563-77 (11 tigs.). 46 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO longing to the families Medusettidae (e.g. Medusetta inflata, Euphysetta rara) ; Circoporidae (e.g. Circoporus oxy acanthus, Gircogonia (?) longi- spina) ; and Tuscaroridae (e.g. Tuscarusa glolosd). Lamblia intestinalis Fatal to Rabbits.* — Prof. Perroncito finds that this Flagellate (with many synonyms, — Cercomonas intestinalis, Megastoma intestinale, &c), common in man and in the rat, as a para- site on the epithelial cells of the duodenum and elsewhere, causing obstinate constipation followed by profuse diarrhoea, is a frequently fatal parasite of rabbits, resulting in a mortality whose cause was previously unknown. New Species of Chilodon.f — Th. Moroff describes Chilodon cyprini sp. n., which lives on the skin and gills of diseased carp, though it is not itself the cause of the disease. It seems nearly allied to Ch. megalotrocha} Stokes, parasitic on certain Rotifers. Parasites of an Asiatic Tortoise.f — A. Laveran and F. Mesnil found in Damonia reevesii, two Haemogregarines (Hcemogregarina stephanoiviana sp. n. and H. rara sp. n.), Trypanosoma damonia} sp. n. in the blood, Coccidium mitrarium sp. n. in the gut — a form remark- able in having an extra-cellular life, and the Myxosporidian Myxidium danilewskyi in the kidneys, where it also occurs in Emys lutaria. Trypanosomas from Transvaal Cattle.§ — A. Laveran gives a fuller account of Trypanosoma theileri, a parasite discovered by Theiler, a veterinarian at Pretoria, as has been previously noticed. The parasite is widespread in South Africa, causing Galziekte or bile-disease in cattle. Theiler has also sent to Laveran preparations of ox -blood, which reveal another species, Tr. transvaaliense sp. n. It seems quite distinct, e.g. in the close proximity of the centrosome to the nucleus. It remains to be seen whether it is restricted to Bovidae as the other species is. Hsematozoa in Marine Fishes. || — A. Laveran and F. Mesnil have shown that some marine fishes are often infected with Haamatozoa. They note the occurrence of Trypanosoma rajce sp. n. in three species of skate ; of Tr. scylliumi sp. n. in Scyllium stellare ; of Hcemogregarina delagei sp. n. in two species of skate. A large number of bony fishes were examined, but Haamogregarines were found only in the sole and in blennies, and Trypanosoma only in the sole, and that very rarely. * Bull. Soo. Zool. France, xxvii. (1902) pp. 151-5 (1 fig.). t Zool. Anzeig., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 5-8 (3 figs.). j Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 609-14 (13 figs.). § Tom. cit., pp. 717-21 (5 figs.). || Tom. cit, pp. 567-70. — I e^a I m ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 4T BOTANY. GENERAL, Including: the Anatomy and Physiology of Seed Plants. Cytology, including: Cell-Contents. Nuclei of Unicellular Animals contrasted with those of Plant Cells.* — L. Feinberg shows that the nuclei of organisms such as Ammha y Plasmodiophora, the malarial parasite, &c. exhibit a structure quite different from that of the nuclei of ordinary animal and plant cells. While the latter nearly always show a chromatin network, which with the Romanowski stain becomes coloured red, and nucleoli which, like the protoplasm, becomes coloured blue with the same stain ; the former show merely a number of nucleoli, which, by the Romanowski method,, stain red, not blue, and are surrounded, not by a chromatin network,, but by a clear area which remains unstained and seems to represent cell and sap. Feinberg concludes that, from their staining reaction, the nucleoli of these animal-like unicellular organisms are comparable to the staining network of ordinary animal and plant cells. Continuity of Protoplasm. f — H. Kraemer suggests that the appear- ances described by Gardiner and others as indicating a continuity of protoplasm through the cell-wall, are due to a peculiarity in the struc- ture of the cell-wall, which is made manifest by the reagents employed, and which bears an analogy to the structure of the starch-grain. He cites observations which lead to the following interpretations. The starch-grain and the cell-wall are made up of alternating lamellae of colloidal and crystalloidal substances. Physically the structure of the starch-grain and cell-wall are quite similar, although chemically dif- ferent, the preponderating substance in the grain being granulose, while in the cell- wall the fundamental substance is cellulose. The crystal- loidal layer in the starch-grain, consisting chiefly of granulose, is coloured blue with iodine or chlor-zinc iodide, whereas in the cell-wall this layer, consisting chiefly of cellulose, is coloured blue only with chlor-zinc iodide. The colloidal layers in both grain and cell-wall take up various anilin dyes. In starch-grains, as in cell-walls, there are radial clefts or colloidal areas, which, under certain conditions, also take up various anilin stains. The peculiar biconvex arrangement of the groups of striae between contiguous cells in Nux vomica and Phytelephas is suggestive of fundamental lines of development corresponding to chromatin threads, although they may be modifications of the wall and represent tracts or channels through which liquids are distributed from cell to cell. All authors since the appearance of Gardiner's work have fallen into the error of supposing that a certain anilin dye could be regarded as a differential stain for protoplasm, whereas many colloidal * Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., xx. ri902) pp. 281-3.1 t Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Boo., xli. (1902) pp. 174-80 (2 pis.). 48 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO carbohydrates, as mucilage and pectin, and oils and other substances, take up these stains. Finally, if the substance in the cell-wall which takes up the stain is protoplasm, what is it in the starch-grain ? Nuclear Reduction and Fertilisation in Paris and Trillium.* — A. Ernst has investigated the chromosome reduction, embryo-sac de- velopment, and fertilisation in Paris quadrifolia and Trillium grandi- florum. In Paris the reduction in the number of chromosomes is from 24 to 12, and this takes place at the first division of the embryo-sac mother-cell. This division is of the characteristic heterotype, and results in the production of two cells, the lower of which becomes directly the embryo-sac, while the upper, after a second division of its nucleus, degenerates. In Trillium the reduction is from 12 to 6 chromosomes (the smallest number known in the vegetable kingdom, and found also in Naias), and of the two cells formed the upper usually degenerates without division, while the lower becomes directly the embryo-sac. The heterotypic division was studied, and the synapsis stage, which the author believes to be a natural condition, was observed. The chromosomes of this division in both plants often show, in the equatorial flake stage, indications of a second longitudinal division. In the diaster stage, by separation of the two halves of the daughter- chromosomes, produced by this second division, V-, U-, and -shaped figures are often produced. When the daughter- nuclei are reconstituted, this second division becomes lost, but a fresh longitudinal splitting of the chromosomes is to be observed when the nuclei divide again. All the divisions in the embryo-sac were found to be exactly similar, so that, in contrast to Lilium, Fritillaria, and Tidipa, the normal reduced num- ber of chromosomes is found even in antipodal nuclei. Double fertilisa- tion was observed in both cases, but actual fusion of the three nuclei appears to take place only on the spindle, for in all three the beginning of a definite chromatin thread was observed while they were in contact but yet unfused. The facts that in the vegetative cells of Trillium 8 chromosomes, instead of the normal 12, were sometimes to be observed, and that the number of chromosomes in Paris is exactly double that of Trillium, when compared with the variations in number among the genera of the Liliaceas, suggest that the chromatin thread of the nucleus undergoes a successive, and not a simultaneous division. Nucleus of Spirogyra.t— C. van Wesselingh has added yet a fourth to his papers on the nucleus of this alga. In this contribution he pays special attention to the question of the nuclear wall and spindle, and the behaviour of the vacuole-wall during karyokinesis. By slowly killing dividing cells, and by the use of 20 p.c. chromic acid solution, combined with staining, he was able to prove that the spindle consists of a number of similar threads, which surround the nucleus and are combined together to form numerous bundles. The spindle-threads do not grow through the nuclear wall, but the latter disappears at an early stage, and the spindle is at first multipolar, but later becomes bipolar. The observations were made on Spirogyra informis. * Flora, Erganzungsband, 1902, 46 pp. (6 pis.). t Bot. Zeit., lx. (1902) pp. 115-38 (1 pi.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 49 Observations on the Nucleolus.* — F. Cavara has made observations on the nucleolus of the embryo-sac of Lilium candidum which lead him to believe that during division the nucleolus extrudes a small corpuscle by a process of gemmation. This corpuscle, he believes, is derived from the central and more slightly staining part, and is probably used for the formation of the spindle. The much more deeply staining peripheral portion of the nucleolus, he suggests, is placed at the dis- posal of the chromosomes. Glycogen from Yeast. t — A. Harden and W. J. Young have studied the glycogen prepared by extracting yeast. They find its chemical com- position to be represented by the formula O 6 H 10 O 5 , thus showing its identity in composition with glycogen prepared from animal sources. The optical activity is also the same, and from a consideration of the various properties of glycogen from yeast, and from animal sources, it appears that no well-marked difference exists between the two. New Proteid from Maize.f — E. Donard and H. Labbe describe a new proteid, maisine, which they have extracted from seeds of maize. Its analysis corresponds to a chemical composition C 184 H 300 N 46 O 51 S. It is insoluble in cold or hot water, and in the various salt solutions, soluble in methyl and ethyl alcohol, insoluble in aqueous acetic acid, but soluble in aqueous solutions of soda or potash, even when very dilute. Reserve Carbohydrates of the Albumen of Palms.§ — E. Lienard has studied chemically the carbohydrates contained in the seeds of Areca Catechu, Chamc&rops excelsa, Astrocaryum vulgare, (Enocarpus Bacaba, Enjthea edulis, and Sagus Rumphii. He finds in each case a small amount of saccharose, and also, as a result of fractional hydro- lysis, mannose and, in less quantity, galactose. Detection of Phosphorus in Plants. || — A. Arcangeli discusses the value of the microchemical reagents that have been proposed for the detection of phosphorus in plant tissues, for example the employment of ammonium molybdate and nitric acid, and, in order to render the result more evident, "the subsequent addition of either pyrogallic acid or stannous chloride, which yield respectively a brown and a blue colora- tion. He has made numerous experiments, and has come to the con- clusion that as yet no satisfactory microchemical method has been established for the purpose, for the phosphomolybdate reaction does not always take place ; the tissues respond to the reagent with different degrees of density (independently of the quantity of phosphorus they contain) ; the molybdic reagent is capable of giving the blue coloration with stannous chloride independently of the presence of phosphorus, and is liable to be influenced by the presence of other substances. Caoutchouc-yielding Landolphias of the French Congo.H— Aug. Chevalier gives short botanical descriptions of three species of herba- * Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. (1902) pp. 108-12 (5 figs.). t Journ. Chem. Soc, lxxxi. (1902) pp. 1224-33. J Comptea Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 744-6. § Tom. cit., pp. 593-5. || Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat., xviii. (1902) pp. 214-32. Tf Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 512-5. Feb. 18th, 1903 ■ 50 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO ceous lianes belonging to the tribe Landolphieae. The most wide- spread — Carpodinus lanceolatus — does not yield caoutchouc. _ The species which yields most of the product is Landolphia Tholloni ; the aerial shoots contain no caoutchouc in their latex, but the cortex of the long rhizomes is rich in an excellent product. A third species, hitherto undescribed, is L. humilis, in which the caoutchouc is confined to the subterranean rhizomes ; it contains less of the product than does L. Tholloni. Leaf- Venation and Chemical Constituents of Eucalypts.*— R. T. Baker and H. G. Smith find that there is a marked agreement between the chemical constituents in the oils and the venation of the mature lanceolate leaves of the several species of New South Wales Eucalypts, thus forming the genus into fairly well-marked groups. There is reason to suppose that a gradual deviation from a type has taken place, and that the formation of characteristic constituents in these oils has been contemporaneous with the characteristic alteration or deviation of the venation of their leaves. Gums, Resins, and other Vegetable Exudations of Australia.!— J. H. Maiden gives a list of the genera and species yielding gums, &c, arranged in families, with notes on the plants and their exudations. It is followed by "a tentative bibliography of Australian vegetable exudations." Structure and Development. Vegetative. Conifer Wood from the Turf-Pits. f — L. Geneau de Lamarliere has investigated the structure of semi-fossilised woods from turf-pits in the marshes of Saint Gond, now for the most part dry. He concludes, from examination of their remains, that during the tertiary period, conifers which reached a great height existed in Champagne, thus confirming the statements of previous writers. The wood shows a recognisable microscopic structure, though prof oundly modified structur- ally, physically, and chemically. From the morphological point of view, he describes a network of intercellular lamellae, modified only by the amount of compression to which the trunk has been subjected, cells which apparently have undergone no change (refringent cells), and others where the internal thickening layers have disappeared or been transformed into an amorphous annular or continuous mass. From the chemical point of view, the changes are very marked. The intercellular network still gives the reactions of pectic compounds, but it is probable that pectic acid occurs in the free state and not in combination with lime as appears to be the case in plants in the normal condition. In addition, lignin occurs and perhaps also phosphates. _ The refringent cells seem to be elements which have not been attacked by destructive agents. Their walls still contain cellulose, pectic compounds, lignin, and phosphates. The amorphous substance * Journ. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales, xxxv. (1902) pp. 116-23 (1 pi.). t Tom. cit., pp. 161-212. X Rev. Gen. Bot., xiv. (1902) pp. 241-53, 300-15 (15 figs, in text). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 51 shows sometimes traces of cellulose and pectic compounds. The greater part consists of the substance described by Fremy as vasculose. Comparative Anatomy of the Stem in Magnoliacese.* — Gr. D'lppolito describes the structure of the transverse section of the stem in the chief genera of the order, especially with relation to that of the secondary wood. Parasitism of Buckleya Quadriala.f — S. Kusano has made an elaborate study of the parasitism of this member of the family Santalacew. The fact of its parasitic habit was discovered by Shirai, and announced in his work on plant diseases (published in Japanese in 1894). Kusano finds that a number of species may serve as hosts, including the conifers Cryptomeria, Abies fir ma, Chamcecyparis, and species of Quercus, Carpinus, Fagus, Alnus, Rhododendron, and others. A full description is given of the form and anatomy of the haustoria and of the secondary growth in thickness. The haustorium has a cambium ring between its cortical and axial parts, whereby a continued growth in thickness is effected. The cambium of the haustorium joins that of both the host and the mother root. Demarcations between the zones produced in each growth-period are visible, though faintly. Anatomy of Anonaceae.J — H. Beyer gives a general account of the anatomy of the vegetative and floral organs, especially of African species of this family ; also a short anatomical description of the leaves of all the African species studied. Protection of Young Foliage Leaves and Seed Leaves. § — A. Hans- girg has studied the means of protection against injury, excessive loss of water, &c. in the young leaves and cotyledons of a large number of plants, including ferns and seed plants. In this connection he arranges under twelve biological types, the young foliage leaves developing from subterranean and aerial buds. Localised Stages of Growth. || — J. |A. Cushman has studied the early spring growth in some common New England plants with a view to the appearance of stages of development, similar to stages found in the young individual and also in the adult of ancestral forms. He notes a well marked relation between the occurrence of the earliest stages and the age of the plant. The plant coming up in its second year tends to be more primitive in its first characters than older and stronger plants, and therefore repeats more stages in arriving at the typical form than do older individuals. Weak individuals are more apt to show earlier stages than are more vigorous plants ; this is true whether the whole is weak or whether the growth arises from, adventitious or weaker buds. Thorns of Gleditschia triacanthos.^" — J. A. Harris figures and describes some variations from the usual structure noted during omi season in the thorns of this species. * Malpighia, xv. (1902) pp. 438-60. t Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, Japan, xvii. (1902) Art. 10, 42 pp. (1 pi). t Engl. Bot. Jahrb., xxxi. (1902) pp. 516-55 (figs, in text). § Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 173-93. || Amer. Natural., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 865-85 (5 pis.). f Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, xi. (1901) pp. 215-22 (5 pis.). E 2 52 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Distribution of Hairs on the Surface of the Stem.* — A. Daguillon concludes as the result of an examination of the distribution of hairs on the stems of various herbaceous plants, including species of Veronica, Stellaria, and other members of the order Caryophyllacete, that in some herbaceous plants there exists a relation between the distribution of hairs on a stem and its branching, the hairs being usually restricted to, or more abundant at the portion above the axillary buds. Manual of Indian Timbers.f — J. S. Gamble has prepared a new and revised edition of this work, which contains a short diagnosis of the wood and bark characters of all the woody plants of British India, with notes on the distribution of the species, their cultivation, and economic use. The arrangement is a systematic one and follows that of Hooker's Flora of British India. The plates represent cross sections of nearly one hundred species. Reproductive. Lagochilus.J— R. Wagner discusses the morphological details of the inflorescence in species of this eastern genus of Labiatse. Cause of Floral Zygomorphism.§ — L. Barsanti reviews the opinions of Sprengel, De Candolle, Monquin-Tandon, Roeper, Dutrochet, Vochting, Delpino, and others, on the cause of asymmetry in flowers, and expresses his own conclusions, which are that flowers were actinomorphic at first ; that by evolution some have become zygomorphic ; that such zygo- morphism was caused by mechanical causes such as pressure, or by conditions of light or gravity, or by a biological cause such as the visits of fertilising insects ; that it gradually acquired stability and became transmitted by heredity. Theory of the Petiole in the Flower. || — D. Clos returns to the discussion of the morphology of the stamen, a subject which he has treated in previous memoirs. He holds the view that in most cases the filament of the stamen represents, in dichlamydeous flowers, the median nerve of the sessile petal or the claw of the clawed petal ; and that the anther is a distinct structure of special nature. He criticises adversely the view adopted by many botanists that the filament is homologous with the stalk, and the anther with the blade of a leaf. He points out that there is no relation between the existence of filaments in the androe- cium and of petioles in the leaves of the same species. Thus sessile leaves and long filaments occur in numerous Caryophyllacege, Cruciferas, Crassulaceae, and other families, while Aristolochia, Arum, and Dracun- eulus supply examples of sessile anthers and long-petioled leaves. On the other hand, there is a striking resemblance between the petals and the filaments in many species of different families both * Rev. Gen. de Bot, xiv. (1902) pp. 289-99 (5 figs, in text). t J. S. Gamble, 'A Manual of Indian Timbers: an account of the growth, dis- tribution, and uses of the trees and shrubs of India and Ceylon, with descriptions of their wood structure.' New and revised edition, London, Sampson Low & Co., xxvi. and 856 pp. and 20 pis. X Verhandl. k. k. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, lit. (1902) pp. 540-62 (11 figs, in text). § Atti d. Soc. Toscana di Sci. Nat., xviii. (1902) pp. 126-41. II Mem. Acad. Sei. Toulouse, ser. 10, i. (1901) pp. 105-18. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 53 monocotyledons and dicotyledons, while in Nyniphaeacese and others there is a gradual transition from petals to filaments by narrowing of the former. Again, the petal and the filament have essentially the same anatomical organisation, while that of the petiole is quite different. The connective is merely the continuation of the filament, and it is the con- nective, and not the anther-cells, which frequently become petaloid. The anther-cell, like the ovule, is a structure sui generis. In very rare in- stances sepals, petals, or carpels are supported on a true petiole quite distinct from the blade in the first two cases. Development of Pollen in Asclepiads.* — Paul Dop has studied the development of pollen in species of Asclepias, Vincetoxicum, Gom- phocarpus, Marsdenia, and other genera, and finds throughout results comparable to those obtained by Chauveaud in Vincetoxicum officinale. The pollen-mother-cells arise by division of subepidermal cells, and give rise to the pollen-grains directly by division into four. The nutritive layer formed of one or several layers of cells, secretes the waxy envelope around the pollinium, while the caudicles and retinacula are secreted by the epidermal cells of the stigma. After the dehiscence of the pollen-sac, the pollinium escapes from the sac and attaches itself to the caudicles. Germination of Pollen-Grains.f — P. P. Richer finds that the pollen of certain species which will not germinate in pure water, will germinate if a stigma of the same species or an allied species be placed in the water. On the other hand, it germinates less successfully, or may even fail to germinate, in the presence of a stigma of a very different plant. He concludes that there exist in the stigma special substances which encourage the germination of the pollen of the same plant, while inhibiting the germination of the pollen of a strange plant. Double Fertilisation in Crucifers.J — L. Guignard has been able to follow all stages of this phenomenon in Capsella Bursa-pastoris and Lepidium sativum. The sexual apparatus has the normal structure and arrangement ; the two polar nuclei fuse only a short time before fertili- sation, and the large secondary nucleus lies close to the oosphere. The double fertilisation follows the usual course. The male nuclei reach almost simultaneously the nucleus of the oosphere, and the secondary nucleus of the embryo-sac, but the process of fusion is completed earlier in the case of the latter, and the division of the resulting cell precedes that of the egg. In the course of development of the embryo the albumen gradually disappears, with the exception of the peripheral layer. This, which the author has previously styled the proteid layer, persists in the ripe grain in all Crueifers, as it does also in almost all families the seed of which is described as exalbuminous. Recent Investigations in the Embryo-sac of Angiosperms. 1). H. Campbell gives a resume of recent work on the course of events in the embryo-sac of Angiosperms. He regards Peperomia as the most primitive form yet described, basing his conclusions on the absence of a * Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 710-2. t Tom. cit., pp. 634-6. % Tom. cit., pp. 497-9. § Amer. Natural., xxxvi. (1902) pp. 777-86 (5 figs, in text). 54 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO definite egg-apparatus and antipodals, and especially the increase in the number of nuclei. There is a striking similarity between the structure of the embryo-sac in Peperomia and in Gnetum among Gymnosperms. The typical embryo-sac may have been derived from one like Peperomia by the suppression of a nuclear division. The marked polarity, and the specialisation of the egg-apparatus and antipodal cells, are probably secondary characters, and the fusion of the polar nuclei finds its proto- type in the multiple fusion of the nuclei in Peperomia to form the endosperm-nucleus. The egg-cell probably represents an archegonium reduced to a single cell, and the synergidse may also represent potential archegonia, although they may with equal probability have been derived from vegetative prothallial cells. The remaining structures — the polar nuclei (and the result of their fusion, the endosperm-nucleus) and the antipodal cells represent vegetative prothallial tissue. The fusion of the polar nuclei is in no way to be regarded as a sexual process ; the regular occurrence of a multiple fusion in Peperomia is a strong argument against such an assumption. It is probably to be interpreted as a stimulus to further growth. The fusion of the second pollen-nucleus with the endosperm-nucleus must be considered as more or less acci- dental. Physiology. Nutrition and Growth. Physical Conditions of Tuberisation in Plants.* — Noel Bernard discusses the bearing of results recently obtained by M. Laurent on his own theory that the development of buds into tubercles is a symptom of a general modification of the internal constitution of a plant by the action of endophytic fungi which inhabit its organs of absorption. M. Bernard repeats the experiments of M. Laurent, and confirms the results arrived at by that author. Shoots of potatoes cut off and plunged into a solution of saccharose, glycose, glycerin, and other solutions of sufficient concentration, develop tubercles from the buds on their aerial stems. He concludes that the result is clue, not to the specific properties of the dissolved substance, but to the degree of concentration of the solution. In every case there is a critical concentration of the solution below which the buds develop into leafy branches, while if it be ex- ceeded tubercles are formed. It would appear that the tuberisation of the buds depends directly on the realisation of a certain degree of con- centration of the sap which nourishes them in dissolved substances. The presence in the tissues of the plant of parasites capable of effecting by their diastatic secretions an increase in the complexity of the molecular compounds is one of the conditions which may lead to this state. Other factors, especially those which govern transpiration, may have the same effect. Hence M. Laurent's results are not inimical to the author's parasite theory of tuberisation. Photosynthesis.! — E. Griffin has investigated the relative amount of photosynthetic action in green leaves when the upper and under surfaces respectively are illuminated. He wished to test the hypothesis * Comptes Keiidus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 706-8. t Tom. cit., pp. 303-5. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 55 of Stahl and Haberlandt, who have explained differentiation of the lnesophyll of an ordinary dorsiventral leaf into an upper palisade and a lower spongy layer as an adaptation to favour photosynthesis, and at the same time to ensure the protection of the chlorophyll-corpuscles. The author finds that with dorsiventral leaves photosynthesis is reduced if the lower surface is illuminated by direct sunlight instead of the upper. The greatest difference is found in thick leaves ; e.g. in cherry laurel the proportion was as 100 to 48. In leaves where the mesophyll is more or less homogeneous, as in the bamboo, the difference was small, the pro- portion being 100 to 92. E. 0. Herzog * finds that extracts prepared from crushed green leaves by the method used by Buchner to extract the ferment from yeast have no power to absorb carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. This confirms the view that the photosynthetic power of the chlorophyll corpuscle is dependent on the life of the protoplasm. Assimilation of Yeasts.f — Th. Bokorny, of Munich, has studied the effect of the environment on the life of the yeast plant. He made a series of experiments on the influence of temperature, and he found that while 35° C. was too warm, 5° C. was too cold for healthy develop- ment. At the lower temperature the weight of the plant decreased. This result coincides in some measure with that determined by Kreusler for green plants ; 20° was found to be more favourable than 35°. Cold did not, however, affect so seriously the green plant experimented with. The writer tested also the effect of various concentrations of fluid, to some of which poisons or otherwise harmful substances were added. In most of the experiments a 20 p.c. solution of cane-sugar was used, but the highest degree of activity was reached with 5 p.c. The greatest re- tardation resulted from the introduction of minute quantities of caffein. Fluoric acid was found to be almost equally hurtful. Free phosphoric acid was also found to act as a check. Irritability. Influence of Light on Seed-Gennination4 — E. Heinricher has studied the relation of light to the germination of seeds in a number of genera and species. In the case of many plants which inhabit strongly insolated localities light seems to exercise a very important influence on germination ; but the rule is not general, as certain light-loving plants, such as species of Mesembryantliemum and others, germinate as rapidly and as well in the dark as in the light, and in some cases, as in the Bromeliad Acanthostachys strobilacea, darkness favours germination. Seeds of Pitcaimia maidifolia and Drosera capensis, on the other hand, refused to germinate in complete absence of light ; such a strongly- marked influence of light has been known previously only in the case of the mistletoe. The author suggests that the same relation holds in the case of other plants, especially light-loving epiphytes of the savannas; most of the Tillandsiese probably resemble Pitcaimia maidifolia in this * Zeit. Physiol. Chem., xxxv. (1902) pp. 459-64. See also Journ. Cbera. Soc. lxxxii. (1902) ii. p. 578. t Centralbl. Bakt., ix. (1902) pp. 55-62. % Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 164-72. 56 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO respect. Seeds of the latter plant were found to require a longer light exposure if the other conditions of germination (dampness and warmth) had been previously present. In the case of Drosera capensis, if illumination was too long delayed in presence of otherwise favourable conditions, power of germination was lost. In other cases presence of light exercised only an accelerating effect. Remarkable differences were noted in plants of the same family or even genus. Relations of Plant-Growth to lonisation.* — A. B. Plowman is conducting a series of experiments at the Harvard Botanic Garden on the relation of plants to electricity. He finds that seeds placed near the anode are always killed by a current amounting to ■ 003 ampere or more if continued as long as twenty hours, while seeds placed near the cathode are generally but little affected, though sometimes they are ap- parently stimulated by the current. He suggests that these effects are produced by the electrical charges of the ions rather than by any mere chemical activity of the dissociated atoms, and concludes that negative charges stimulate, and positive charges paralyse, the embryonic proto- plasm of the plants. In support of the latter statement he adduces the fact that when a flower-pot containing lupins of about four weeks' growth is charged to relatively high potential with positive electricity,. the plants stop growing, gradually lose turgidity, and finally die. On the other hand, when a negative charge is used, these effects are not produced, but the plants are actually stimulated. Chemical Changes. Enzyme in Ripening Plantains.f — C. R. Newton discusses the re- lation between enzyme action and disappearance of tannin in ripening plantains. The unripe fruit contains large quantities of tannin, while in the dead-ripe fruit scarcely any trace is left. Tincture of guaiacum turns blue the cut surface of the unripe fruit, and the action is most intense in the neighbourhood of the cells which give the strongest tannin reaction with solution of iron salts, namely, those between the skin and the pulp and those near the seeds. Judged by the colour test plantains contain a variable quantity of enzyme. Those grown in the plains had the most, those in the hills, which require to be hung for a long time, often months, to ripen, have a much less quantity, and the wild ones, that never lose their very astringent taste, the least of all. This suggests that the action of an enzyme on the tannin is one of the principal factors in the ripening of the fruit. Yeast Ferment.} — Th. Bokorny, of Munich, gives us the results of his research on the proteolytic enzymes of yeast. He discusses the quantities produced, and then compares the results with those produced by pepsin and trypsin. The author attacks several other problems : the distinguishing of the different proteolytic effects produced in the yeast ; the most favourable conditions of acidity ; and the influence of nutri- tion on the production of enzymes. * Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 4, xiv. (1902) pp. 129-32. t Indian Garden and Planter, April 24, 1902. % Beih. z. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 235-64. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 5T General. Note3 on Styraceae.* — Janet Perkins gives descriptions of some new- species of Sty rax from tropical America, and a list of all known tropical Asiatic species of the genus arranged in clavis form. A few new species are described from China and Sumatra. Revision of the Species of Lisianthus.f — The same author con- tributes a systematic revision of the fifteen species of this West Indian and Central American genus of Gentianaceae. Monograph of the Myricaceae.J — Aug. Chevalier gives an exhaus- tive monograph of this family, including a brief historical introduction, a general detailed account of the anatomy, histology, and organography of its members, and a systematic revision of the species, including full descriptions and notes on geographical distribution. He restores to- generic rank Gale, which includes the common species Myrica Gale L. v and Comptonia, which comprises the Canadian Myrica asplenifolia L. Floral Distribution in the Alpine Zone.§ — P. Jaccard discusses the factors which determine the plant distribution in alpine zones, and formulates a number of laws by which it is governed. Plant-Formations and Flora of South Bulgaria.! — J. Podpera describes the topographic and climatic condition of the country and the various plant-formations. He then begins an enumeration of the plants, among which are included several new species, varieties, and forms. Chinese Flora.1T — The continuation of Forbes' and Hemsley's Enumeration of Plants from China and adjoining Islands, part xiii., contains the Gymnosperms. Dr. Masters has elaborated the Conifers and Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer the Cycads. This portion completes a volume (Stylidiese to Cycadacea?) and is an index number. Flora of Uruguay.** — J. Arechavaleta supplies notes on various species of seed-plants and descriptions of new species of lonidiam, Monnina, Gordia, Hypericum, and Eriocaidon. . Monograph of North and Central American Species of Senecio.ff — J. M. Greenman gives the first part of his monograph. It comprises a general account of the morphology of the genus, a review of the systematic grouping of the species in sections and subgenera, a nominal enumeration of the species in their respective sections, and an account of their geographical distribution. The second part, which is to follow, will contain the special systematic portion. Notes on Australian Botany. — R. H. Cambage \% continues his. notes on the botany of a portion of^ the interior of New South Wales,, the present instalment forming part vi. * Engl. Bot. Jahrb., xxxi. (1902) pp. 478-88. f Tom. cit., pp. 489-94. X Mem. Soc. Natur. d«rs Sci. Nat. et Math. Cherbourg, xxxii. (1902) pp. 85-340' (8 pis. and 1 map). § Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., ser. 4, xxxviii. (1902) pp. 69-130 (5 pls.\ I! Verhandl. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ues. Wien, lii. (1902) pp. 608-64. \ Journ. Linn. Soc, xxvi. (1902) pp. 537-92. ** Anal. Museo Naeion. Montevideo, iv. (1902) pp. 1-24 (5 pis. and 3 figs, in text). tt Engl. Bot. Jalub., xxxii. (1902) pp. 1-33. XX Proc. Linn. Soc. New Soutli Wales, xxvii. (1902) pp. 186-204 (3 pis.). 58 SUMMAEY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO E. Cheel * insists on the specific identity of J uncus holoschamus and J. prismato carpus, which were described by Robert Brown in his Pro- dromus, but subsequently united by Bentham under the name /. prisma- tocarpus. J. H. Maiden t supplies notes on critical species of Eucalyptus, and R. T. Baker % embodies the results of his researches on Eucalyptus melanophloia in an amended description. W. V. Fitzgerald § describes several new species of seed-plants from Western Australia. Plant Teratology.|| — 0. Penzig describes an abnormal flower of Gladiolus segetum in which the members of the inner perianth-whorl had become doubled, and which was tetrandrous from the development of an anterior median stamen ; the ovary was also six-chambered. He also figures an ascidial formation at the apex of leaves of Smilax aspera, and some remarkable accessory leaf-blade formations in Carica Papaya. Plant Microscopy. IF — C. Zimmermann describes the use of the Microscope and its appurtenances for the benefit of students of botany. Also forms of microtome and methods of fixing and preparing material for examination. CRYPTOGAMS. Pteridophyta. Fern Study in North America. — The Fern Bulletin** celebrates the •completion of the tenth year of its existence and contains papers by G. E. Davenport, W. N. Clute, and L. M. Underwood upon the past, present, and future of fern study in North America. Other papers are contributed on British Fern Culture, by C. T. Drury ; New Zealand Ferns and Fern Study, by G. E. Smith ; Notes on Japanese Ferns, by Kiichi Miyake ; A New Equisetum, by A. A. Eaton ; and a Historical Sketch of the Linnean Fern Chapter (the Club who started the periodical), by B. D. Gilbert. Cuban Ferns.jf — L. M. Underwood and W. R. Maxon describe four new species of ferns recently gathered in Eastern Cuba by L. Pollard and W. and E. Palmer. The collection contains 425 plants, of which 144 were ferns. Notes are published on thirteen other species, new, rare, or confused. Bryophyta. Rhizoid-Initials of Marchantia.^ — F.'Quelle discusses the so-called rhizoid-initials in the ventral scales of the Marchantiacea3, and shows that in many cases they have been confused with the oil-body cells though easily distinguishable from them. He quarrels with the ex- pression initial-cells, on the ground that the rhizoid may arise from any * Tom. cit., pp. 210-3. t Tom. cifc., pp. 214-24. X Tom. cit., pp. 225-9 (1 pi.). § Tom. cit.; pp. 241-5. || Malpighia, xvi. (1902) pp. 164-78 (3 pis.). ^f Broteria, i. (19021 pp. 49-75 (8 figs.). ** Binghamton, N.Y., 1902, vol. x. No. 4, pp. 97-128 (1 pi.). t+ Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. xxix. (1902) pp. 577-84 (1 pi.). XX Hedwigia, xli. (1902) Repertorium, pp. 174-7. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 59 cell of the ventral scale except the oil-body cells. He provides a key by which the five commonest Marchantiaceous hepatics can be distin- guished from one another by characters of the ventral scales, namely, by the appendages and the oil-bodies. Riella.* — L. Corbiere discusses the hepatics Riella gallica Trab. and R. Battandieri Trab., and shows that the former is not dioicous as has always been supposed, but is monoicous like the Algerian species R. Bat- tandieri, and is but the French form of that species and must therefore be reduced. The mistake arose owing to the fugacious character of the antheridia which disappear after discharging their contents. British Hepatics.t — H. W. Lett has published a list, with descrip- tive notes, of all the species of hepatics hitherto found in the British islands. It is written in simplified English. Each species receives ten to twenty lines of description with notes appended in small type. A key to the genera is given at the beginning of the book, and keys to the species are placed under the genera. The scheme of classification of both the genera and the species is peculiar to the book. A biblio- graphy and index are supplied. Hepatics of Baden. $ — K. Miiller publishes a list of his gatherings of hepatics in Baden in 1901, mostly from the Feldberg neighbourhood. He adds eight species and three varieties to the flora of Baden. Full descriptions and critical notes are added where necessary. North American Hepatics. — A. W. Evans § describes and figures a new species of hepatic, Diplophylleia apiculata, which is not uncommon in the Eastern United States, and has long been known, but has been confused with other species. The author shows that it differs from D. obtusifolia and D. taxifolia in its inflorescence and its apiculate leaves. W. C. Barbour || continues his monograph of the species of Radula found in the United States, and gives an annotated list of nine species and a key. A. W. Evans *fi publishes notes on fourteen hepatics which are addi- tions to the flora of New England, and indeed several of them new to the Eastern States. All but two of them occur in Europe. Incidentally several confusions of synonymy are cleared up. « New Zealand Hepatics.** — E. S. Salmon describes and figures a new species of hepatic — Isotachis Stephanii, discovered in New Zealand. It is a robust species of a genus which is remarkable for the close re- semblance of its amphigastria and leaves. The original description ff is reproduced with additional notes by R. Brown, the collector of the plant. Interconversion of Sexual Organs in a Moss.JJ — E. de Bergevin describes an anomaly that occurs in the inflorescence of a form of the * Revue Bryologique, xxix. (1902) pp. 109-14 (fig. in text). + Aghaderg. Co. Down, 1902, 8vo, viii. and 199 pp. t Beih. z. Bot. CentralR, xiii. (1902) pp. 91-104. § Bot. Gazette, xxxiv. (1902) pp. 372-5 (1 pi.). I! Bryologist, v. (1902} pp. 92-4. f Rhodora, iv. (1902) pp. 207-13. ** Trans. Proc. N. Zeal. Inst., xxxiv. (1902) pp. 325-7 (1 pi.), tt Rev. Bryolog., xxviii. (1901) pp. 75-6. ' Op. cit., xxix. (1902) pp. 115-9 (fig. in text). ++ ++ 00 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO moss Plagiothecium sylvaticum that grows near Lisieux. The young archegonia tend to become converted into antheridia of peculiar shape, but whether they are of functional value is not known. The reason for the transformation has not yet been discovered. Peristome.* — A. J. Grout publishes the fourth part of his notes on the peristome of mosses, and discusses the mechanism by which the spores of Polytrichum and Buxbaumia are shaken or puffed out of the capsule in nature. In the succeeding article he brings to a conclusion his remarks upon the nomenclature of mosses, and the confusion and anomalies resulting from the well meant efforts of incompetent re- formers. Suppression of Redundant Moss-Species.f — A. Geheeb publishes a series of notes upon specific names which have acquired an unjustifi- able position in bryological literature. By reducing them to mere synonyms and putting them in their proper place he clears up many doubtful points. He also summarises similar work done by E. S. Salmon, Genus Thamnium.J — N. C. Kindberg finishes his revision of the genus Thamnium, and treats of 76 species which he redescribes, adding the synonyms and geographical distribution of each species. The author maintains 96 species in all, — a considerable reduction of the pre-existing total. In the concluding pages he distinguishes the individual variations of two of the species examined, one of which is T. alopecurum, a common British moss ; he then summarises the geographical distribution of the species, and adds notes on the species which he excludes and those which he has not been able to obtain for examination. The value of the paper is much increased by the index supplied. Notes on Osculatia and Schwetschkea.§ — E. S. Salmon continues his series of bryological notes and shows that the rare and puzzling moss-genus Osculatia De Not., which had been misplaced in Meeseaceae, is identical with another moss from the Andes, Brijum globoswn Mitt. He redescribes and figures the plant. He passes on to the genus Schwetschlcea, and claims that in at least some of the species the inner peristome has a basal membrane. British Moss Flora. — J. A. Wheldon || and A. Wilson publish an additional list of West Lancashire mosses and hepatics, adding upwards of 40 species and varieties to their previous records for the district, which turns out to be unusually rich in Sphagna. H. N. Dixon 1 describes four very perplexing varieties of British mosses from various mountain localities in our islands. In each case they differ remarkably from the typical form of the species to which they are referred. J. H. Davies** records the first discovery of Weisia rostellata Lindb. in Ireland. It was found near Lisburn, Co. Antrim, on a bank of earth dug out of a ditch. This little moss occurs in England, but is rare. * Bryologist, v. (1902) pp. 94-7. + Beih. z. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 105-11. : Hedwigia. xli. (1902) pp. 225-68. § Journ. Bot., xl. pp. 369-74 (1 pi.). H Tom. pit., pp. 412- 6. i Tom. cit., pp. 374-80. ** Irish Naturalist, xi. (1902) p. 2b9. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 61 W. Ingham * supplements his previous list of Sphagna of Yorkshire and Durham by an account of the additional species and varieties found by himself in the former county. W. P. Hamilton f publishes a localised list of the Sphagna of Shrop- shire, renamed in accordance with Warnstorfs revision of the genus. French Moss Flora. — F. Camus J records the occurrence of the Mediterranean moss Ceratodon chloropus Brid., on the island of Noir- moutier, on the Atlantic coast of France, and suggests that it should be looked for in other spots along that coast. C. Meylan § reports the results of his gatherings of Muscinese in the Jura during the past three years. He adds eleven mosses and twelve hepatics to the flora of the chain of the Jura. Ravaud || continues his guide to the collector of mosses and lichens in the neighbourhood of Grenoble, that is to say, he records the various plants that may be gathered on the various rocks and soils passed by the wayfarer as he takes a definite walk described by the author, e.g. from La Grave to Villard-d'Arene. Moss Flora of French Caverns. f — L. Geneau de Lamarliere and J. Maheu publish a third contribution to our knowledge of the mosses which occur in underground caverns. These latter are very numerous in the Jurassic strata of the department of the Yonne in central France. Very few species of mosses occur on the surface owing to the dryness of the limestone. Some of these species occur in the caves, and with them are others which are not known to grow on the surface in the neighbourhood of the caves. The caves are dry, and the mosses growing in them are usually xerophilous and calcicolous in character, and owing to the comparative darkness are considerably modified in habit. About a score of species are recorded, and six of these are so modified that they are described as definite varieties. German Mosses.** — V. v. Cypers continues his list of the cryptogams of the Riesengebirge district by giving an enumeration of the pleuro- carpous mosses with annotations. He distinguishes a new variety of Brachythecium rivulare. Japanese Mosses.tt — E. G. Paris publishes a list of the mosses gathered by Faurie in 1900 in the southern part of Japan, from South Nippon to the Liu-Kiu Islands. He records several new species and describes twenty-two of them with the collaboration of V. F. Brotherus. Two genera, Leucoloma and Trichosteleum, were previously unknown in Japan. At the close of the paper is a list of the Japanese mosses gathered by Ferrie, and among them are several new species by C. Mueller and by Brotherus, but at present they are undescribed. Muscinese of South-East Asia. $ J — E. G. Paris gives an account of twenty-four mosses and eleven hepatics gathered in the French posses- * The Naturalist, 1902, pp. 381-3. t Journ. Bot., xl. (1902) pp. 416-9. X Bevue Bryologique, xxix. (1902) pp. 119-20. § Tom. cit., pp. 120-7. || Tom. cit., pp. 98-103. % Journ. de Bot., xvi. (1902) pp. 266-79. ** Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesell., Hi. (1902) pp. 530-9. tt Bull. Herb. Boise., ser. 2, ii. (1902) pp. 918-33, 988-93. XX Bevue Bryologique, xxix. (1902) pp. 93-7. / 62 SUMMARY OF CUKRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO sions in Eastern Asia by various collectors. Six new species of mosses are described. Muscinese of the Galapagos Islands.* — A. W. Evans and W. G. Farlow publish lists of the hepatics and mosses respectively of the Galapagos Islands, basing their reports primarily on the collections made by Snodgrass and Heller in 1898 and 1899, but including also all the previous records for these islands, e.g. by Darwin, Andersson, Baur, Eighteen hepatics and nine mosses are catalogued ; two of the former were indeterminable specifically. At least five hepatics and three mosses are endemic. Muscinese of the Atlantic Islands.f — V. Schiffner has worked up the bryophytes of the collections made by J. Bornmiiller in Madeira and the Canaries in 1900 and 1901, and has found among them some novelties, several additions to the flora of the Atlantic Islands, and a number of rare species very sparingly gathered previously. He begins a list of his determinations, supplying descriptions and critical notes where necessary, and recording the geographical distribution. Thallophyta. Algse. The PyrocystesB.J — V. H. Blackman here embodies the result of observations made on living material, chiefly during a voyage to the West Indies some years ago. Pijrocystis pseudonoctiluca Wyv. Thorns, is treated in detail under the headings of structure, reproduction, distribution, and luminosity. The author succeeded in stimulating specimens of this organism by means of alcohol sufficiently to enable him to study it by its own light under a low power of the Microscope in the dark. From this examination he is led to believe that the radiation of light arises "from the mass of protoplasm surrounding the nucleus." P. fusiformis Wyv. Thorns., P. Lunula Schiitt, and P. Hamulus Cleve are shortly treated, and remarks are then made on amylum-bodies which occur in all four species in the form of clear, refractive bodies, either spherical, oval, or rod-shaped. The author likens them to the so-called amylum-bodies of certain Peridinese, though he considers that their exact nature is at present uncertain. The systematic position of the Pyrocystese is discussed, but, owing to want of knowledge of the life-history of any of the species, the author con- siders their position doubtful. A synopsis of species includes the somewhat doubtful species P. lanceolatus Schroder. A list of references closes this paper. The plate contains figures of the four established species. Minute Structure in Triceratium.§ — A. A. Merlin finds T.parallelum and one of its varieties, T. glandiferum, possess a " delicate lacework structure apparently covering the whole of the silex composing the * Proc. Amer. Acad., xxxviii. (1902) pp. 100-4. t Hedwigia, xli. (1902) pp. 269-72. % New Phytologist, i. (1902) pp. 178-88 (1 pi.). § Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, ser, 2, viii. (1902) p. 267. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPf, ETC. 63 upper surface of the valve, and extending to, and closely surrounding the primaries." The structure is exceedingly faint and minute, but the author feels convinced that it really exists. Phytoplankton of the Thames.* — F. E. Fritsch gives a preliminary note on the result of his investigations made during six separate days in July and August of last year. The portion of the river examined ex- tends from Kew to Cookham, and the samples were collected from a rowing-boat by means of an ordinary funnel-shaped net of fine gauze,, having the lower narrow end attached to a glass tube. The quantity of plankton organisms decreases steadily down the river, and at Kew, where the tidal influence is felt, the desmids and pediastrums are either dead or dying, while many of the diatoms consist of mere empty frustules. The author attributes this to the influence of the brackish water, which enables purely marine species {Coscinodiscus radiatus, Surirella ovata, and Rhaphoneis Rhombus) to exist at Kew. Diatoms, play an important part in the upper reaches examined, the proportion at Windsor and Maidenhead being about 20 to 1. The commonest forms are Fragilaria virescens, Melosira varians, M. moniliformis, Pleurosigma attenuatum in the surface layers, species of Surirella, and in parts Gampylodiscus noricus. Among green algae the most common forms were Pediastrum Boryanum and P. pertusum, Closterium moniliferum,, Cosmarium margaritiferum, and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Species of Cyanophycese occur more frequently in the lower parts of the river, the commonest forms being Microcystis protogenita and M. marginata. No Peridiniaceas were observed. A table is given in which are enumerated fifty-four species and five varieties, together with their distribution and the relative number of individuals found. Variations-Statistics as applied to Plankton-Diatoms.f — P- Vogler writes a preliminary note on the importance of applying this method of investigation to plankton. He expresses his results in curves, and is of opinion that by this method only can a true concep- tion be formed of the dimensions of a given species. He maintains that average measurements are of no value. He has devoted five years to this research. Diatomacese of the Hull District.!— F. W. Mills and E. H. Philip publish an illustrated list of the diatoms occurring in the neighbour- hood of Hull — to the number of about 600 species and varieties, which is a considerable advance upon the lists published by G-. Norman in 1859 and 1865, which contained about 400 and 480 species respec- tively. The present list in fact represents nearly half the species that are found in the British Isles. In what is here called the Hull district are included places within reach of a half-day excursion from Hull. Each species and variety is figured. Most of the figures have been taken from Schmidt's Atlas, Van Heurck's Synopsis, and other standard and minor works ; but some have been drawn specially. The nomen- clature and classification are mainly those which have been adopted by * Ann. Bot., xvi. (1902) pp. 576-84. f Flora, xci. (1902 , > pp. 380-3. X Trans. Hull. Sci. and Field Nat. Club, i. (1901) p. 157 (17 pis.). ■64 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Van Heurck. Synonymy is excluded save in so far as it is necessary for keeping in touch with Norman's lists. Attention is called, in the introduction, to the fixity of certain species in certain localities, and, on the other hand, to the appearance or disappearance of other species in other places, for reasons at present unknown. Norman's slides have been submitted to re-examination. Licmosphenia, a New Genus of Diatoms.* — C. Mereschkowsky founds his new genus Licmosphenia on diatoms collected at Villefranche, •and places in it five species — L. Grunouii, L. Clevei, L. Peragalli, L. Schmidtii, and L. Van Heurckii. He gives a full description and figures of each species. The genus is intermediate between Licmophora and Climacosphenia, from which it differs in the disposition and per- forations of the septa. In Licmophora the septa are perforated by a single large orifice ; in Climacosphenia there are several such orifices, and in Licmosphenia there are two only. The paper ends with a key to the species. Reproduction of Valonia.f — P. Kuckuck gives a short preliminary account of the mode of reproduction in Valonia ovalis. Several days before the spores are ripe and ready to escape, certain delicate markings become visible on the wall of the mother-cell, and dark-green agglome- rations of protoplasm are found in the shape of rings or branched bands. The cell-membrane covering this portion of the mother-cell then develops thin spots, around which the masses of protoplasm gradually split up (serlcluften), the membrane breaks, and the zoospores escape. The posterior end of the zoospore is deeply coloured and full of starch, the anterior portion being colourless and having two cilia. No eye-spot was to be seen, and the zoospores did not unite in pairs. After a time the mother-cell resumes its normal colour, the openings close up, and eventually the process of reproduction is repeated. It is remarkable that the zoospore is not divided off from the surrounding protoplasm by any cell-wall ; and since the contents of the mother-cell are at the time of the escape of the zoospores in direct contact with the outer world, considerable firmness of the membrane is necessary to pre- vent collapse of the entire cell. New Genus of SiphoneaB.J — A. Ernst founds a new genus, Dicho- tomosiphon, for the reception of the alga which till now has been known as Vaucheria tuber osa A. Braun. His paper on the subject is divided into (i.) Vegetative Organs ; (ii.) Reproduction ; (iii.) Syste- matic Position of Dichotomosiphon. Under the first heading the branch- ing is described as beginning in a dichotomous manner, and ending as tri- or sometimes penta-chotomous. The cell-membrane and cell-con- tents, including chlorophyll- and starch-grains, are treated in detail, and the similarity is pointed out which exists between this genus and Codiacese. Under Reproduction are described the oogonia and an- theridia, which arise terminally on short special branches. The develop- ment of each has been traced, and is here described, together with an. * La Nuova Notarisia, 1902, pp. 177-83 (5 figs, in text). t Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., vii. (1902) pp. 355-7. X Beih. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 115-48 (5 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 65 account of the fertilisation' and of the resulting oospore. Attempts to follow the germination of the latter have so far been unsuccessful. Besides the sexual method of reproduction, there exists in Dichotomo- siphon an asexual form of reproduction which is unlike anything known till now among the Siphone*. Unbranched, rhizoid-like filaments arise on the plant, and these bear tubercles, which become thick in protoplasm, and germinate after being cut off by a transverse wall from the rhizoid-like filament. As regards the systematic position, the author places this genus nearest to Vaucheria, from which, however, it has many points of dif- ference. A striking resemblance exists in certain points to Halimeda and Codium, but especially to a still undescribed, young condition of Udotea. A full diagnosis, followed by references to literature, closes this paper. The various conditions described are figured in coloured plates. Cell-Membrane of Desmidiaceae.* — J. Lutkemiiller has made an exhaustive study of this subject, and now publishes the result of his nine years' work. Several hundred species were examined, and the author is enabled to divide the family into five groups of genera, which are sharply distinguished from one another by constant anatomical and physiological characteristics. The types of the five groups are Cosmarium, Olosterium, Penium, Gonatozygon, and Sjjirotcenia. The cell-membrane, pore-apparatus, and cell-division of the various types are dealt with, and remarks are made on the position of the genus Penium, relationship of the types, function of the pore-apparatus, and systematic treatment. Finally a synopsis of genera in Desmidiaceae is given, drawn up on the lines of classification propounded by the author. Ulotrichaceae and Chsetophoracese of the United States.f — T. E. Hazen publishes the result of five years 1 study on these groups of alga?. After giving short accounts of his method of study and methods of preservation, he gives some remarks on their distribution, which, he says, is still somewhat doubtful from the unreliability of so many records. Then follows the systematic treatment of the two groups, in which the author gives diagnoses of the families and genera, with keys to genera and species. After the name of each species are given synopses and references to literature, a diagnosis, references to Exsiccata:, habitats and distribution, and finally critical notes. Ten new species are described, and three new forms or varieties. The author has en- deavoured to emphasise cytological, and especially chromatophore cha- racters as much as possible, but in many cases he has been reluctantly compelled to fall back on the character of cell-measurements "to separate species which, after careful observation, he is convinced are distinct." A list of bibliography and an index complete this paper. (Edogonium.J — F. E. Fritsch has made a detailed study of the young root-ends of five species of this genus, and comes to the conclu- sion that certain types are characteristic of certain species. It is gene- rally found that the form of the root-end varies, according to whether * Beitr. z. Biol. d. PflHtizon, viii. (1902) pp. 347-414 (3 pis.). t Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, xi. (1902) pp. 135-250 (23 pis.)- % Ann. Bot., xvi. (1902) [.p. 467-85 (3 figs, in text). Feb. 18th, 1908 f 66 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO the young plant is free or attached. Air-bubbles are often found in connection with the floating individuals, probably formed from the plant itself. The author shows that though the first cap of the young plant may be, and often is, thrown off, this is by no means the rule. In certain plants there is an abnormal zoospore formation, in which the zoospores are either not liberated at all, or they only exhibit a very sluggish movement. In the latter case, the germinating zoospore pro- duces very strange forms of young plant. Vegetative Reproduction of Dasya elegans.* — F. Tobler describes the result of experiments made by himself on the growth of Dasya elegans under various conditions of light. Certain plants of this species were cultivated in a vessel close to a window, with the result that after two days the thallus had shed all the penicilli, as well as the smaller branches, which were lying at the bottom of the glass vessel. These fallen branches were seen to sprout, and the author describes and figures the various stages of the process. He was able to compare with this form of reproduction the normal growth of a plant from tetraspores, since the cultures were carried on simultaneously. The power of re- production from vegetative cells is not confined to the monosiphonous portions of the thallus, but was also observed among cells which formed the cortex of the polysiphonous axis. Various stages of growth are figured. New Genus of Delesseriacese.f — F. Heydrich creates a new genus Implicaria for the reception of a species /. reticulata from Loochoo, Japan. The specimen described exists in the Berlin Herbarium, and in certain points resembles Vanvoorstia and Glaudea, with which the author compares it. He also gives the points of resemblance and difference between his plant and Holmesia capensis. Spiral Arrangement in Florideae.J — S. Schwendener criticises ad- versely the views held by Falkenberg and Rosenvinge on this subject. The author states that his own experience leads him to disbelieve in the continuous spiral with constant divergence in Polysiphonia, and states the reasons for his scepticism. Caloglossa Leprieurii.§ — Marshall A. Howe publishes some remarks on this species, which occurs in North and South America, as well as in other parts of the world. He gives the views of authors on the question of the migration into fresh water of several species of Caloglossa. Catalogue of British Marine Algae. || — E. A. L. Batters publishes a complete list of all the British marine algas, together with the localities where each species and variety occurs in the British Isles. The number of genera is 259, including five of doubtful affinity. The nomenclature followed is that adopted by all algologists on the Continent and in America. This catalogue is as complete as it is possible to make it, * Ber. Deutseh. Bot. Gesell., xx. (1902) pp. 357-65 (1 pi.). t Tom. cit., pp. 479-83 (1 pi.). X Tom. cit., pp. 471-5. § Torreya, ii. (1902) pp. 149-52. || Journ. Bot., xl. (1902) Supplement, pp. 1-107. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 67 since the author has not only published the records of his own extensive collection, but he has included those of the public Herbaria and many private collections. Marine Algae of the Faeroes.* — F. Borgesen publishes a complete list of the marine algae of these islands founded on his own and other collections. He has himself examined the marine flora of the Faeroes at various seasons of the year, and his own observations, taken together with his examination of various collections, enable him to form a definite idea of the development of the algae from April to December. To the record of each alga there are appended critical notes with figures in the text, and in many cases details are very fully discussed and interesting observations recorded. Two new species of Myrionema are described and one each for the genera Plmostroma, Laminaria, Dermocarpa, and Hyella. An index, which includes the more important synonyms, especially those of Lyng- bye, and a coloured map of the Faeroes taken from the Danish Govern- ment Survey, complete this volume. Marine Algae from Dago.f — Nils Svedelius enumerates eleven species of marine algae and five species of Char a, collected by 0. A. F. Lonnbohm, from this island in the Baltic. A few critical remarks follow on the forms of Fucus vesiculosus which occur there. The author is of opinion that the angustifolia and subecostata series is dis- tributed to the eastward, and the filiformis series to the westward of the Baltic shores. Australasian Sphacelarieae.J — Camille Sauvageau publishes short notes on the morphology and distribution of species of Sphacelaria from Australasian seas. Many of the specimens examined by him belong to the Harvey Herbarium in Trinity College, Dublin. The same author has dealt fully with this group in the Journal cle Botanique, where the new species are described. Of the thirty-six species there cited, thirteen are peculiar to Australasia, and five are common to this and other regions. The author finds that an examination of specimens of Australasian Fucaceas is productive of good material of Sphacelaria, and he believes that a careful search for these plants round the shores of Australia, New Zealand, &c. would have rich results ; since many of the specimens known hitherto have only been collected by chance, as growing on other and larger algae. Algae of the Galapagos Islands.§ — W. G. Farlow publishes a list of 45 species of algae from these islands, 43 being marine. One new species of Glossophora and one of Dasya are described, and a new genus is founded provisionally, Herpophyllon, for the reception of an alga, H. coalescens, which has cruciately divided tetraspores in wart-like sori ; the cytocarps are still unknown. The thallus is prostrate and mem- branaceous, suggesting Peyssonelia rugosa at first sight. * « Botany of the Faeroes,' part ii., Copenhagen, 1902, pp. 339-532 (figs. 51-110 and map). t Bot. Notiser, v. (1902) pp. 225-8. X Notes from Bot. School. Trin. Coll. Dublin, v. (1902) pp. 196-200. § Proc. Amer. Acad., xxxviii. (1902) pp. 89-99. F 2 68 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO New Zealand Marine Algae.* — R. M. Laing concludes his list of New Zealand algae begun two years ago, and enumerates 291 species of Florideae. Three species of Chlorophyceae are given in an addendum, bringing the list up to 389 in all, including the contents of this and the previous paper. In this part a new species of doubtful position is described, Nitophyllum microphyllum Crosby Smith, and a new variety, tumescens of Champia Noiw-zelandm Hook, et Harv. Fungi. Fertilisation in the Phycomycetes.f — W. Ruhland publishes a preliminary note on this subject which he has studied in Albugo Lepigoni and in several species of Peronospora. A more detailed paper will appear later. Amylomyces Rouxii.ij:— J. Turquet has conducted a series of culture experiments on this Chinese " yeast " used in the fabrication of wines and spirits from rice. He has succeeded in growing the aerial form, a branched Mucor with brownish sporangia and minute oval spores. Chlamydospores are also formed in the hyphse. The author names it M. Rouxii. Sprouting of Yeast-Cells.§ — Albert Hirschbruch concludes his paper on the development of yeast-cells. He follows out the division of the nuclei, and the accumulation of protoplasm in the daughter-cell which remains attached to the mother-cell until it is of sufficient size to be independent. In the species studied by him, Saccharomyces ellip- soideus Hansen, division of the nucleus is by mitosis. The plate in illustration of the paper is to be published in the following number of the journal. Spore-formation in Yeast. || — ; M. A. Guillermond has studied this subject in Saccharomyces Ludwigii. It had been noted by Hansen that in this species the yeast-cell produced a germinating tube which he called a promycelium, and from which were formed the new cells. Guillermond finds that there is frequent conjugation betweeen two cells and fusion of nuclei previous to new cell-formation. Origin of Yeast. If — G-. Odin contributes a note on this question. He has been experimenting with forms of Penicillium, and he finds that by cultivation from the spores he obtains in a few generations a yeast form that is perfectly stable, and will continue to form yeast- spores even on solid substances. The writer has not yet determined if these yeasts so obtained will remain indefinitely stable. Cell-Nucleus of Saccharomycetes and Bacteria.** — Marpmann discusses the present state of our knowledge as regards the presence of nuclei in yeast and bacteria. In the former the nucleus had * Trans, and Proc. New Zeal. Inst., xxxiv. (1901) pp. 327-59. ,t Hedw. Beibl., xli. (1902) pp. 178-80. X Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 912-5. § Centralbl. Bakt., ix. (1902) pp. 513-20. || Comptes Kendus, cxxxv. (1902) pp. 708-10. % Tom. cit., cxxxv. (1902) pp. 479-81. ** Centralbl. Bakt., ix. (1902) pp. 357-61. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 6.9 been observed by many workers. Wager demonstrated that the re- puted nucleus was the nucleolus only, and that in the vacuole of the yeast-cell he had observed nuclear threads. Marpmann gives an account of the methods whereby he has clearly proved the existence of nuclei both in yeast and bacteria. He immerses the preparations of bacteria in pure carbolic acid after fixation, thus rendering the nuclei more susceptible to staining. The author has also experimented with several species of Schizosaccharomyces. He classifies the yeasts primarily by their colours, as white, grey, yellow-brown, yellow-red, and black yeasts. New Sphaeropsidese.* — F. Tassi describes three new genera belong- ing to this group : — Triyonosporium, distinguished by its trigonous hyaline spores, found on dead branches from Sydney ; Santiella, with fusiform, 2-celled, brown spores, probably the pyenidial form of Caryospora ; and Hyalothyridium which resembles Camarosporium, but with brown spores. The species of the two latter genera were found in the Botanical Garden at Siena. Development of Dipodascus albidus.f — This minute fungus was first discovered by Lagerheim in Ecuador, and by him described and classified as one of the Hemiasci, specially notable as possessing dis- tinctly sexual fructification. H. 0. Juel has recently found the same fungus in Sweden on a fallen birch stem, and he has worked out the different stages in the development of the sexual organs and of the spores. The former arise as projections on one of the hyphre, from which they are cut off after fusion. Each cell contains also several small vegetative nuclei. After copulation a larger nucleus appears, evidently the result of fusion. The ascus grows out from the conjoint cell, and the nuclei increase by free cell-formation from the large nucleus. These cells become clothed with a cell-wall and form the spores. The author discusses the systematic position of this fungus. He considers that it forms a link between the Phycomycetes and the Ascomycetes. Nectria moschata.J — H. Gluck gives an account of the occurrence and life-history of this fungus which forms gelatinous masses in water- pipes and on damp wood. The formation of perithecia and the development of the spores is described. Cordiceps Robertsii.§ — H. Hill publishes a historical and descriptive account of this fungus which has been called the " vegetable caterpillar.'" It is found all over the North Island of New Zealand. The author has not been able to determine the species of caterpillar attacked by the fungus, and his attempts to germinate the spores on other caterpillars have been as yet unsuccessful. Gooseberry Mildew.|| — P. Magnus is of opinion that Spkcerotheca mors-uvce is not indigenous in Europe, but that it ha3 been imported from America. He also demurs to the opinion that it is identical with * Bull. Laborat. et Orto Bot, iii. pp. 89-92 (2 pis.). Cf. Centralbl. Bakt., ix. (1902) p. 506. t Flora, xci. (1902) pp. 47-55 (2 pis.). t Engl. Bot. Jahrb., xxxi. (1902) pp. 495-515 (2 pis.). § Trans, and Proc. New Zeal. Inst., xxxiv. (1902) pp. 396-401 (1 pi.). || Gartenfl., Jahrg. li. (1902) p. 3. 70 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO S. tomentosa found on Euphorbia, as the latter occurs very frequently in regions where the other is as yet unknown. Diseases of the Vanilla.* — G. Delacroix reviews Massee's work on the parasitic fungus Calospora Va?iillce. He finds that the measure- ments and descriptions given by Massee do not tally with those of the fungus causing the Vanilla disease. He determines the fungus to be a Vermicularia with its conidial form Colletotrichum Vanilla,. He gives an account of the disease as it affects the trees, with descriptions of the various fungi associated with the attack, and suggests the best means of cure. Disease of Bananas.f — G. Delacroix calls attention to the black discoloration so often seen on Banana fruits. It is caused by the growth of a fungus Glozosporium Musarum Cooke and Mass., which form little red conceptacles on the black spots. The tissue of the fruit underneath is yellow and full of the mycelium of the fungus. It is a wound parasite only. Laboulbeniacese.J — Roland Thaxter publishes a considerable addition to these species of fly-inhabiting fungi. The new genera are Herpo- myces, Acallomyces, Ecteinomyces, and Coreomyces. He adds 40 new species to the genus Laboulbenia. New French Lichen Flora.§ — A. Boistel has just issued the second part of his Flore des Lichens. It follows the lines of classifica- tion daid down in the volume published by him in 1896, taking the vegetative development rather than the reproductive organs as the more important feature. The book is arranged in the form of a key to the Lichens. There are many forms not included in the previous more elementary publication, but there are no illustrations of species. Boistel gives, as a rule, the habitat of the plant, but not the locality. • Lichen Flora of the Tyrol. || — The fourth volume of a general Flora of Tyrol, Voralberg, and Lichtenstein has just appeared. It repre- sents the Lichens and is based on the work of many previous botanists. A history of the work already done on this subject is given in the preface, with special mention of the journeyings and collections of Ferdinand Arnold to whom the volume is dedicated. A full index is given, with a list of the places mentioned and their altitude. A map of the district is also provided. Rare Lichen from Liguria.f — E. Morteo describes a specimen of Cladonia turgida, a somewhat rare lichen. It was collected for the first time in Italy by Ab. Martin in 1867. * Bull. Soc. Myc, xyiii. (1902) pp. 274-83 (1 pi.). t Tom. cit., pp. 285-7 f 4 fies.). X Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., xxxviii. (1902) pp. 9-57. § Nouvelle Flore des Lichens, 2* partie, by A. Boistel, Paris, 1902, pp. xxxiii. and 332 (1 pi.). || Die Flechten (Lichenes) von Tirol, Vorarlberg und Lichtenstein, by Prof. Dr. K. W. v. Delia Torre und Ludwig, Graf von Sarnthein, Innsbruck, 1902, pp. xlvi. and 936. 1 Atti Soc. Lig. d. Sci. Nat. e Geog., xiii. (1902) pp. 113-4. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 71 Lichen Flora of Algiers.* — J. Steiner publishes a second list of lichens from Algiers, from material collected by Fr. v. Kerner. He determines a number of new species and one new genus Gonohymenia. The collection is preserved in the Botanical Museum of the University at Vienna. Umbilicaria in N. America.f — C. W. Harris continues her study of the lichens of the United States, and monographs briefly the genus Umbilicaria, in which she merges Gyrophora. She describes all the twelve species in simple terms. Four of the species are photographically figured in the plate. Californian Lichens.J — A. Zahlbruckner describes a number of new species sent to him by H. E. Hasse from Los Angeles. He finds one new genus among the number, Hassea, founded on Verrucaria bacillosa, and placed by him in a group Pyrenidiacete. These are all characterised by the Nostoc or Scytonema character of the gonidia and by the simple, straight apothecia. Perforation of Vine-Leaves.§ — V. Brizi finds that this is due to the action of a fungus, Glaiosporium ampelophagum, which attacks the young leaves, causing a yellowing of the tissue. Later, the pustules of the fungus appear on the spots, and in time the diseased part of the leaf drops out. New Parasitic Botrytis.|| — A disease of the fruits of Diospyros Kaki has been found by V. Brizi to be due to a species of Botrytis, which he has called B. Diospyri. It attacks the calyx, and the fruits drop off before they are ripe. Black Spot of the Apple.lf — The mould Fusicladium which produces black spots on apples and pears has been causing great loss t<> fruit- growers in Australia and Tasmania. D. McAlpine has given a descrip- tion of the fungus, with an account of its life-history. The winter stage, Venturia inaiqualis and V. pyrinum, have been found by him recently, but he considers that the mould is usually propagated from year to year by the conidia which become entangled in the hairs and bud-scales, and that the appearance of the Venturia stage is unnecessary to the continued life of the parasite. He gives a detailed account of spraying experiments and instructions as to the best sprays to use and the method of preparing the mixtures. Diseased Pelargoniums.** — G-. Massee has found that the South African rust Puccinia granulans, which grows on native Geraniacese, had transferred itself to the leaves of pelargoniums imported from England and France. The diseased leaves were sent from the Transvaal. * Verli. d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, lii. (1902) pp. 469-87. t Biyologist, v. (1902) pp. 89-92. I lieih. z. Bot. Centralbl., xiii. (1902) pp. 149-63. § Le Staz. Sperim. Agrarie Ital., xxxiv. (1901) pp. 774-88. Cf. Centralbl. Bakt., is. U9U2) p . 613. || Le Staz. Sperira. Agrarie Ital., torn, cit., pp. 767-77. Cf. Centralbl. Bak>., loc. cit. U Bull. No. 3 Dept. of Agric. Victoria, 1902, 29 pp. (4 pis. and 2 tigs.). »* Journ. Roy. Hurt. Soc, xxyii. (1902) pp. 172-3 (5 figa.). 72 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Monograph of the Uredinese.* — The second fascicle of P. and H. Sydow's great work has now appeared. It includes species of Puccinia on plants of the natural orders Goodeniacese to Umbelliferge. The plates illustrate the different forms of the teleutospores ; they contain 155 figures. Specialisation of Rusts.j — Jakob Eriksson continues his re- searches on the forms of Puccinia graminis. He has carried out infection experiments in Sweden on a large number of grasses, and he gives detailed tabulated results with extensive notes on the phenomena observed. He also contrasts his results with those arrived at in America by similar experimenters. He finds that the prevailing forms in the two countries do not agree, even on the same host-plants. Specialisation has proceeded on different lines. Rust on Vanilla.^ — G. Delacroix found on some fruits of vanilla from Tahiti, not only the form of disease due to Glwosporium Vanilla, but the uredospores and teleutospores of a species of Uromyces. Careful examination proved it to be a new species, U. Joffrini. Experiments on the Brown Rust of Bromes.§ — E. M. Freeman has •continued a part of the work begun by Marshall Ward, the special object in the investigation being to test the infection capabilities of numerous species of Bromus and so determine more accurately the systematic position of the grasses. Uredospores of Puccinia dispersa were used from sori on B. mollis and B. sterilis. A series of 22 species is given that could not be successfully infected with either set of spores ; 12 species were susceptible to the spores from B. mollis, but not to those of B. sterilis ; 5 species are given in which infection from both was success- ful, but in very varying degree. The writer gathers evidence from these experiments as to the connection of these Bromes with the mollis or sterilis group. Researches on Rusts. || — E. Fischer has published an account of his infection experiments with various Uredineas. He deals with the Puc- cinige of Polygonum Bistorta, and also with species of Cronartium, Melampsorella, and Thecopsora. The growth of the latter, Thecopsora Padi, was induced on Primus viryiniana by infection of the spores of ^Ecidium strobilinum, and the uredospores appeared a second year on the Primus. Genus Amanita.^ — M. E. Boudier gives a review of the principal species of this genus with exhaustive notes. He includes 3 species of Amanitopsis, which he considers a sub-genus. North American PolyporeaB.** — W. A. Murrill has studied the genus Ganoderma. There are 7 representatives of the genus in N. America, several of which are described for the first time. Polyporus lucidus, the * P. and H. Sydow, Monographia Ureflinf-avum, vol. i. fuse. ii. Leipzig, 1902, 192 pp. and 12 pis. f Centralbl. B.ikt, ix. (1902) pp. 590-607. % Bull. Soc. Myc, xviii. (1902) p. 284 (4 tigs.). § Ann. Bot., xvi. (1902) pp. 487-94. 1| Ber. d. Schweiz. bot. Ges., xii. (1902) p. 9. Cf. Bot. Zeit, lx. (1902) p. 246. f Bull. Soc. Mvc, xviii. (1902) pp. 251-73 (1 pi.). ** Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxix. (1902) pp. 599-608. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 73 type of the genus, is referred back to Jacquin's name. He figured and described it as Agaricus pseudoboldus. It has been finally named Ganoderma pseudoboletus. Lentinus lepidius.* — P. H. Dudley gives an account of this fungus and of the damage it does to timber and to yellow-pine cross-ties on railway tracks. New Member of the Phalloideze.t — P. Hennings has described a fungus sent to him by A. Klitzing from Mecklenburg, which he. has identified as a variety of Anthurus borealis Burt, recorded from N. America, and the only species that has been found in temperate lands. Hennings decides from evidence supplied to him by Klitzing that the plant is indigenous to N. Germany. He discusses Anthurus and neighbouring genera, and considers that the species of Anthurus should be classified with those of the genus Lysurus. He therefore renames the species under discussion as Lysurus borealis var. Klitzingii P. Henn. Genera of Gastr"omycetes4 — C. G. Lloyd gives an account of the general structure of the group, makes a few critical remarks on previous attempts at the classification of its members, and suggests a system of arrangement in tribes of the genera of Lycoperdaceas. Four tribes are recognised : Tylostornese, Podaxineae, Sclerodermese, and Lycoperdese, based on characters of stalk and capillitium. The genera are illustrated by photographic reproductions. Further notes on Lycoperdese will be found in the Mycological Notes, No. 9, by the same author. Fungi of the Setubal Region.§ — C. Torrend communicates the first part of a fungal flora of this Portuguese district. It includes the Hymenomycetes and the beginning of the Gasteromycetes. It contains descriptions of several new genera and species by Bresadola. Fungus Flora of Sonntagberg.|| — P. P. Strasser publishes a second contribution of 118 species of the fungi of this region of North Austria. There are several new species determined by Bresadola, a new genus of Sphaeropsideae, Strasseria Bres. and Sacc, and a genus of Phaaostilbeae, Hbhneliella Bres. and Sacc, each with one species. The list now extends to 856 species. Fungi of Piedmont. If — T. Ferraris is examining the Cesati crypto- gamic herbarium, and publishes a first list of the micro-fungi he has determined. It includes the Ustilagineae, Uredineae, Phycomycetes, and Perisporeae. The author gives notes and observations on many of the species. Japanese Fungi. — P. Hennings ** gives a systematic list of fungi comprised in various collections made in Japan. Several new species are described. * Journ. Now York Micr. Soc, xvi. (1901) pp. 5-12 (figs, in text). t He-lw. Beibl., xli. (1902) pp. 169-74 (8 figB. in text). % Bull. Lloyd Library, Mycolog. Series No. 1 (1902) 24 pp. (11 pis.). § Brnteria, i. (1902) pp. 94-150 (1 pi.). || Verh. <]. k. k Zool.-bnt. Ges. Wien, lii. (1902) pp. 429-37. ■j Ann. d. R. 1st. Bot. di Roma, ix. (1902) pp. 187-220. ** Eugl. Bot. Jahrb., xxxi. (1902) pi). 728-42; and xxxii. (1902) pp. 34-6. 74 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO P. Dietel* gives a further instalment of his notes on Japanese Uredineae. P. Dietel f also describes four new species belonging to this group sent to him from Tokio. Notes on American Fungi.} — C. G. Lloyd criticises the genus Stella of Massee, and suggests its identity with a Scleroderma. He also notes that the American Lycoperdon separans is the same as the Euro- pean L. cruciatum, and describes a new species from Washington D.C., L. pseudoradicans. G. Bresadola describes a new species which has the habit of a Cordyceps and the fructification of a Hypocrea as Hypocrea Lloydii ; it was found in West Virginia. Figures of other fungi are also given. Fungus Diseases in Australia^ — Dr. McAlpine has just issued an exhaustive account of the fungi that have been found on stone-fruit trees, almond, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum. He describes the attacks and the best way to remedy them, and then gives a technical description of the fungi, 117 in all, as they occur on stem, root, leaves or fruit. Many of the species are new to science, but not all are originators of disease, 38 only are parasitic, the others are saprophytes and harmless. There are abundant illustrations which should help the growers to identify the fungi and determine their nature. Of the plates 10 are coloured and represent the diseases most commonly met with in the colony. Fossil Fungi. || — L. Pampaloni has studied the minute flora and fauna of the miocene deposits of Dysodile, which is an inflammable shale found at Melilli in Sicily, and he has referred a considerable number of microfungi to various existing allied genera. He describes specimens of Pythites, Peronosporites, Uncinulites, Erisiphites, Perisporites, Chcetomites, Melanosporites, Microthy rites, and Monilites. In the latter he gives spore- measurements. Fungus Flora of Humus. H" — C. A. J. A. Oudemans and C. J. Koning are studying woodland soil, and by examination and culture determining the different fungi that grow there, chiefly the microscopic varieties. Their method is to take a small bit of decayed vegetation with spores or mycelium adhering to it. This is triturated in sterilised water, then diluted. A small quantity of the fluid is added to prepared gelatin and comparatively pure cultures are obtained of the different organisms. Oudemans is responsible for the determination of the species. He has already found 45, mostly Mucoracese and Mucedinese, with 3 Sphgerop- sidese. There are four new species of Mortierella and 2 new species of Mucor. In all he finds 33 species are new to science of those that he has named. A number of bacteria have also been isolated, but they are not dealt with in detail. The paper is beautifully illustrated. * Op. cit., xxxii. (1902) pp. 47-55. t Hedw. Beibl., xli. (1902) pp. 177-8. + Mj cological Notes, by C. G. Lloyd, No. 9 Lloyd Library (Cincinnati, April 1902). § D. McAlpine, Fungus Diseases of Stone Fruit Trees in Australia and their Treatmeut, Melbourne, 1902, 165 pp and 54 pis. || Atti d. Reale Accad dei Lincei, xi. (1902) pp. 248-58. i Aich. Neer. Bci. Exact, et Nat., vii. (1902) pp. 266-98 (30 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 75 Pests of the Flower Garden.*— Under this title, M. C. Cooke publishes the first instalment of a survey of plant diseases. The intro- duction deals with the habits of growth and general appearance of parasitic fungi. He describes the parasites themselves under the natural orders of plants on which they have been found, and the present paper takes us as far as the Rosacese. Seed-Fungus of Lolium temulentum.f — E. M. Freeman is of opinion that the poisonous properties of this grass are probably due to the fungus that is found in the seed. It has not been possible to cultivate the hyphas of the fungus apart from the seed, and as the grass does not suffer from the presence of the parasite, there is probably a symbiotic relationship between the two organisms. The fungus has not been identified with any known form ; it persists in an infection layer of hypliEe close to the embryo. From this layer infection of the growing point takes place, and the fungus grows with the host-plant. Leptothrix racemosa.f — Josef Arkovy discusses the systematic position and life-phases of this fungus. He finds that it is the parent organism of very different forms. Fungous Diseases of White Cedar.§ — John W. Harshberger gives an account of two fungi, Gymnosporangium biseptatum Ellis and G. Ettisii Farlow, both of which attack the young steins and branches of white cedar. The author gives a historical account of the different species of Gymnosporangium. He then describes the appearance of the fungi and the damage they do to the tree. He gives a careful study of the life-habit of the cedar, Cupressus ihyoides, and the formation of the tissues, showing the bearing of these conditions on the attack of the fungus. He describes the pathological changes induced by the pene- tration of the mycelium into the tissues ; comparing the attack with those of the larch and fir diseases due to Dasyscypha Wilkommii and D. resinaria. The, specimens of the fungus were collected in the bog- swamps of New Jersey where the white cedar grows. G. biseptatum causes elongate swellings which may surround the whole stem. G. Ellisii leaves the branch uninjured below the point of attack. Above the injury, the branches are stunted and form a fan-shaped witch's broom. Oidium Production and the Culture of the Higher Fungi. || — Richard Falck gives some results of his work on spore cultivation. He began with the spores of CoUybia velutipes which germinate easily and produce a mycelium which breaks up into oidia. He transferred the oidia to bread and in time reproduced the CoUybia form. He followed the same process with equal success- with the spores of Phlebia meris- moides, the oidia in this case being transferred to branches of a cherry- tree. Various other Basidiomycetes were experimented with and culti- vated through the Oidium stage. He notes that in a pure culture of * Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc , xxvii. (1902) pp. 1-45 (3 coloured pis. and 2 figs.), t Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxi. (1902) pp. 27-30. t (Est.-ung. Vierteljahrsschr. f. Zsihnheilk., xviii. (1902) pp. 8-32 (1 pi.). Cf. Centralbl. Bakt., xxxii. (iy02) p. 78. § Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. ( 1902) pp. 461-502 (with pis.). || Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflunz., viii. (1902) pp. 307-46 (6 pis.). 76 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Hypholoma fascicularis the mycelium had the familiar odour of woods. The author gives a particular account of the development of Collylia tuberosa. The Oidium formed a colony of oidia and from the colony was developed the sclerotium which produced the higher fruit form. From all his experiments he gathers that the Oidium form is a definite stage in the life-cycle of many of the higher fungi, and that under proper conditions these will again be reproduced. In the case of Oidium lactis this property is lost and no higher form is ever developed, though from cultivation and comparison with other forms the writer thinks that this Oidium should be placed near the ascomycetous fungus Endomyces. Critical Notes.* — C. A. J. A. Oudemans passes in review a large number of species of Fungi, rectifying mistakes that he has discovered in description, quotation, or nomenclature. He has found something to correct in 37 species of published fungi. Sap of Fungi as an Antidote to the Venom of Serpents.! — X. Gillot publishes an account of work carried on in this connection by C. Phisalix and others. They used sap extracted directly from the fungi or a decoction obtained by 24 hours' maceration in water. They em- ployed several species of fungi, Amanita muscarius, A. mappa, Lactarius torminosus, L. theiogalus, all poisonous species ; but even with Agaricus campestris, an edible fungus, the animals experimented on died when a large dose was used. With smaller doses all these fungi made the animals immune to the venom of serpents. The period of immunity lasted from 15 days to a month. Photography of Fungi.} — Leon Roland gives his methods of de- colorising fungi before photographing theni, by which means he secures good and true representations of the plants. He also records successful results from the employment of a decoction of Amanita mappa and other funsri as an accelerating solution. *& Schizophyta. Schizophycese. /Chemical Composition of Oscillaria prolifica.§ — Isabel Hyams and Ellen Richards give an analysis of dried Oscillaria at various stages of its growth, and also analyses of the water in which it occurred. The proportion of silica in the plant is remarkable, and with some other characteristics indicates an approach to the condition found in diatoms. This large amount of silica accounts for the remarkable stability of the framework or tissue of the plant which persists all the year round. New Species of Fischerella.|| — Maurice Gomont describes and figures a plant growing in the greenhouses of the Budapesth Museum, and names it Fischerella major. The principal interest of this plant lies in the fact that it possesses spores, which are formed under condi- tions which are unfavourable to the normal growth of the alga. Their * Rev. Myc, xxiv. (1902) pp. 98-115. t Op. cit., pp. 125-7. X Op. cit., pp. 85-8. § Teehnol. Quarterly (Boston), xv. pp. 308-15. || Journ. 7° C. the bacillus forms small, round, raised,, isolated colonies of about 1 mm. diameter, opaque, and greyish in colour, with a glazed, shiny surface. In subcultures the organism grows more luxuriantly. It retains its vitality and virulence a con- siderable time, but in the condensation-water, where it forms long chains, it does not remain living very long. The only other medium in which it will grow is fluid serum from rabbits' blood, in which it forms turbid flocculi. The authors succeeded in three cases in pro- ducing typical soft sores by inoculating the surface of the peritoneum with isolated colonies of the bacillus. G-onococcus in the General Circulation.* — TV. B. Johnson records a case of endocarditis and general septicsemia due to the presence of the gonococcus, in which he was able to demonstrate the presence of the specific organism in the circulating blood. Cultivations were made from the circulating blood on five separate days ; at the fifth attempt, 24 hours before death, pure growths of the gonococcus were obtained, and the author points out that it is neither necessary to use a large amount of blood to obtain cultivations from these cases, nor to greatly dilute the blood with the medium used, nor to employ any specially prepared medium, for the bactericidal power of the blood appears to have but very slight effect in retarding the growth of the gonococcus. Moreover, he found that it was more advantageous to mix the blood with melted agar and at once pour plates, than to use fluid media, where the oxygen supply is more restricted. Agriculture and Bacteria.f — H. W. Wiley states that the nitrogen necessary for the nutrition of plants and crops is derived from organic compounds previously broken up by the bacteria present in the soil. In this process three stages are distinguishable, each being identified with a specific species of organism. First, the organic matter is broken up into> ammonia or its compounds by the activity of the B. mycoides ; next, the ammonia is converted into nitrous acid or its compounds by the nitrous bacteria, of which, so far, only one species has been isolated, the nitroso-monas ; and finally, the nitrous acid is converted into nitric acid or its compounds by the nitro-bacteria ; both these last bacteria were originally isolated by TVinogradsky. A second type of nitrification, in which the atmospheric nitrogen is utilised, is effected by parasitic organisms existing in the tubercle on the roots of certain Legurninosse. Cultures of these organisms are prepared commercially and sold under the name nitragin. Another species (the Alinite bacteria), stated to possess similar properties, is likewise prepared commercially. Mycetozoa. Culture of Myxomycetes.J— Pinoy gives the results of his attempts to make pure cultures of Ghondrioderma difforme and Didymium effusum. He finds that they can be grown, if a bacterium be cultivated along with them. This Bacillus he determines to be identical with B.. luteus of Fliigge. * Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., xiii. (1902) pp. 236-41. + Journ. Franklin Inst, cliv. (1902) pp. 81-91 and 161-9 (1 pi.). J Bull.. Soc. Myc, xviii. (1902) pp. 288-90. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 85 MICROSCOPY. A. Instruments, Accessories. &c* CI) Stands. New Binocular Microscope. t — F. E. Ives, after an enumeration of the inconveniences which render the ordinary binocular unsuited for high-power work, describes one of his own invention, which has the following advantages :— (1) It is .a short-tube Microscope ; (2) The parts which make it a binocular may be attached to an ordinary Microscope without alteration ; {:->) It is not an expensive attach- ment ; (4) It does not interfere with the use of the Microscope as a monocular with variable tube- length ; (5) It may be used either as a binocular non-stereoscopic Microscope, or as a binocular stereo- scopic Microscope ; (0) As a non- stereoscopic binocular, it sends to both eyes images practically iden- tical with the single image of a monocular, no diffraction pencils being cut off from either image, .and it is as satisfactory with the highest as with the lowest powers, •dividing the work evenly between the two eyes even when doing the most critical work ; (7) As a stereo- scopic binocular, it yields to both eyes images distinctly more perfect than either image in a Wenham binocular, and, while giving true stereoscopic relief with medium and low powers, never exaggerates this effect, as the Wenham bino- cular sometimes does. As against these advantages may be placed the fact that it requires a little more skill to adjust it than the Wenham binocular ; but it should not be at all troublesome to the * This subdivision contains (1) Stands; (2) Eye-pieces and Objectives; (3) Illu- minating and other Apparatus; (4) Photomicrography; (5) Microscopical Optics and Manipulation; (6) Miscellaneous. t Journ. Franklin Inst., cliv. (1902) pp. 441-5 (1 fig.\ 86 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES. expert microscopist. In fig. 3 are shown the two attachments which effect this change in an ordinary Microscope : — (1) a small prism- box with Society screw to fit the lower end of the Microscope-tnbe ; and (2) an attachment to the upper end of the tube to carry the second eye-piece, with means for adjustment to suit different pupillary distances. The prism-box C contains one compound cemented prism, with transparent silvering on one of the inner faces a b, and a single prism c. The dotted lines show the path of the axial ray, one half of which is transmitted through the compound prism, and the other half reflected into the prism c, and thence to the auxiliary eye-piece. The body of the prism c is extended in the direction of the eye-piece for the purpose of making the optical length of both axial rays alike, so that matched eye-pieces may be used. There are three ways of changing from binocular non-stereoscopic to stereoscopic vision. The first con- sists in covering a portion of the top of the compound prism by a little metal slide. The other two methods depend upon the fact that de- centring the eye-points is equivalent to covering opposite sides of the back of the objective. Hence, if the eye-points are brought about one- eighth of an inch closer together than the observer's pupillary distance, stereoscopic vision is secured ; if they are separated by such an amount, then pseudoscopic vision results. With lew-power objectives and two- inch eye-pieces one may arrange the distance so that, by slightly varying the plane of the eye-points, one may have stereoscopic, non-stereoscopic, or pseudoscopic vision at pleasure, and without moving the eyes far enough to lose any of the field of view. "With high-power objectives, the entire field is seen perfectly only when the instrument is adjusted for non-stereoscopic vision with the eyes in the plane of the eye-points. Watson and Sons' Metallurgical Microscope.* — This Microscope (fig. 4) has been constructed exclusively for the examination of metals and minerals, and is of the best quality throughout. The coarse and fine adjustments do not present any novelty. The body is of large diameter, and the draw-tube can be arranged to carry either the Con- tinental or large-sized (1 -27-in.) eye-pieces, as may be preferred. When the draw-tube is closed the body-length is 152 mm. ; when extended, 250 mm. The stage has mechanical screws, and in this respect re- sembles the " H " Edinburgh Students' Microscope, made by the same firm. In the centre of the stage is a cylindrical fitting, into which super-stage plates may be fitted and interchanged. The illustration shows a super-stage plate, with le veiling-screws for the purpose of ad- justing the planes of specimens under examination, so as to get them perpendicular to the optical axis. The upper surface of this super-stage is higher than the milled heads controlling the mechanical movements, so that large blocks of metal can be freely moved on the stage. The top-plate measures :»i by t\ in., and can be readily removed and re- placed by a metal-holder, in which blocks of metal can be held at any angle, or rotated. A rackwork of strong, though very smooth and precise construction, is fitted to the stage, and permits it to be moved up and down for focussing after the lighting adjustment has been made. A vertical illuminator, with disc of cover-glass, is provided with the * W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue, 1902-3, p. 78. Fig. 4. 88 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO instrument, and may be fitted either at the top of the body-tube, or at the lower end, as figured. Watson and Sons' Museum Microscope.* — This instrument (fig. 5) has been designed especially for the use of students who may be pur- suing some particular branch of study, or for visitors to museums. It I'ig. ;>. consists of a dust-proof mahogany-framed glass case, in which the Microscope is fitted. The objects, 12 in number, are mounted upon a disc, which can be rotated from outside the case. The eye-piece of the Microscope also projects out- side the case, and focussing is effected by means of a milled head, actuating a rackwork-and- pinion on the right-hand side of the case. Method of Fitting the Stage and Limb of Watson's Van Heurck Microscope.f — In this instrument the contrivance (fig. 0) for connecting the limb, stage, and substage is especially calcu- lated to ensure rigidity of the whole Microscope. The limb A is fitted into the sub-stage bracket- plate D, which is held firmly by screws ; the joint-bolt B goes through the whole — limb and stage - bracket — rendering the limb, stage, and substage as firm as if they were one piece. This stage- bracket C C, instead of being screwed to the front of the limb, as is usually done, is made in a solid casting ; it takes the substage beneath on the plate D, and goes right into the joint at the top of the pillar. The * W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue, 1902-3, p. 77. t Tom. cit., f p. 61. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 89 makers consider that the strength and freedom from spring obtained by these arrangements are unique in Microscope construction, and that the method is altogether superior to that of connecting the parts solely by screws. Watson and Sons' Attachable Mechanical Stage.*— The special feature of this stage (fig. 7) is that it can be immediately fixed to a Microscope without any special fitting. It is placed upon the stage, and grips upon the edges like an ordinary sliding-bar ; it is then clamped in position by means of a thumb-screw. It has a long range of move- ment in both horizontal and vertical directions. Portable Class-Microscope.t This Microscope (fig. 8) is in- tended for the use of classes Fi«. 7. studying botany, zoology, &c. It is of German make, and though not of recent date, has points of interest. The body slides in an outer tube, which has an expanded foot containing a Lieberkuhn 2^ in. diameter, and an arrangement for holding a slide in front of it. The object is viewed by holding the instrument towards the light. The objective is separable into three parts, forming powers with magnifications of 44, 96, and 130 diameters. In order to focus an object, the screw-collar on the outer tube is Fig. 8. slackened, and when the focus is obtained, the collar is tightened. A cap with a small hole in the centre is provided for the protection of the Lieberkuhn, and when more than one lens is used the cap is employed, and acts as a diaphragm when transparent objects are examined. * W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue, 1902-3, p. 81. t Exhibited at the October Meeting, 1902. See this Journal, 1902, p. 622. 90 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO, Barbour's Pocket Microscope.* — This is also primarily intended for field geologists, and is small enough to be carried in the vest pocket, the entire size being scarcely larger than an objective-case. A, fig. 9, shows- the instrument open ; B, shut. C is a lens-case for comparison as to size. The following magnifications are obtained, viz. 100, 60, 40, 30, 20,. and 15 diameters, which are amply sufficient for field work. Fig. 9. Regaud, Cl., et Nachet, A. — TJne nouvelle monture de microscope muuie d'une platine mobile reperable a mouvements tres etendus. Arch. d'Anat. Microsa, V., fasc. 1 (1902) p. 17. Regaud, Cl. — Nouveau microscope pour l'etude des coupes en series. Comptes Rend. Assoc, des Anatomistes, '6, Lyon, 1901, p. 262. * Journ. App. Micr., v. (1902) pp. 1963-5 (1 rig). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 91 Scheffer, W. — Das Mikroskop, seine Optik, Geschichte und Anwendung. Leipzig (Teubner), 8vo, 114 pp. and 66 figs, Thon. — Ein nenes Trichinenmikroskop. Deutsche Thierarztl. Wochenschr., 1902, No. 8, p. 74. Wolffhugel, K. — Ein nenes Trichinenmikroskop. Zeit.f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 1901-2, H. 3, p. 78. (2) Eye-pieces and Objectives. Barbour's Pocket Magnifier.* — This little instrument (D, fig. 9) is and is made by Messrs. primarily intended for the field geologist, Bauscb and Lomb. The inventor's idea was to design a pocket magnifier which should fit in the vest pocket like a small flat watch, free from angles and corners. It contains Hastings; triplets of 5, 10, and 20 diameters, together with a compass. If desired, the compass could be omitted, and the size thereby reduced. Bourguet's New Index Ocular.t — This ocular (fig. 10) contains a pointer, adjustable from outside, by means of whose point every Fig. 10. spot of the field of view can be indicated. It is especially adapted for giving students of histological and bacterio- logical classes definite information about anv part of the microscopic field.? Franzbsische Mikroskope. [An account of progress recently made by French opticians in the manu- facture of objectives.] Central. Ztg.f. Opt.u. Mech., XXIII. (May 1902) p. 98. Hartwich, C. — Ueber ein paar Mikroskopoculare mit Messvorrichtung. Centralztg. f. Opt. u. Mech., XXIII. (1902) p. 11. Malassez, L. — Sur les oculaires a glace micrometrique et a usages multiples. Arch. d'Anat. Microsc, IV., fasc. 2, 3 (1901) p. 219. McGregor-Robertson, J.— Ehrlich's Eye-piece for the Differential Count of Eed and White Corpuscles in Stained Films. Glasgow Med. Journ., LV. (1901), No. 5, p. 339. Sohaffner, J. H. — Oculars for General Laboratory Work. Journ. App. Micr., V. (1902) p. 1646. (3) Illuminating and other Apparatus. Watson and Sons' Macro-Illuminator .§ — This is a single achromatic combination of 1\ in. clear aperture and 2 in. focus. It excels in pro- ducing a brilliant and uniform illumination of large objects under low powers. The lens is mounted to fit into the substage, close to the object, so as to focus the image of the source of light on the objective. Objects up to fully 1 in. in diameter may be thus illuminated with absolute uniformity. It is extremely valuable for photography with the holostigmat and planar types of lenses. * Loc. cit. t Zeitschr. angew. Mikr., viii. (1902) p. 33 (1 fig.). % This ocular is a reinvention of Quekett's indicator eye-piece (1848). § W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue. 1902-3, p. 99. •92 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO Watson and Sons' Incandescent Gas Lamp.* — This lamp is shown in fig. 11. It has an incandescent burner, with by-pass, mica chimney, and metal hood. An iris diaphragm may be fitted in the hood, so that the diaphragm aperture may be used as the light-source, and the mantle structure eliminated. Fig. 11. Dr. 6. Johnstone Stoney's Improved Heliostat.f — Messrs. Watson have constructed this instrument (fig. 12) under the designer's super- Fig. 12. vision, and the ^improvements effected in it render it more than ever suited to the requirements of the physicist and photomicrographer. It * W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue, 1902-3, p. 116. f Tom - cit -> P- 106. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 93 is mounted on a stout mahogany base, provided with levelling-screws and spirit-levels. The lever clockwork movement is of first-rate quality, and a fine adjustment for precisely setting the position of the instru- ment is afforded by a rackwork-and-pinion and tangent-screw. The mirror is parallel-worked, of fine quality. Method of Using Abbe's Apertometer.* — F. J. Cheshire points out that the method of using Abbe's apertometer with a lamp-edge, as given by Dallinger,| is open to an error if the lamp is put too near, and if it be assumed that the centre o' (fig. 13) of the focussing disc is also Fig. 13. the centre of the circular edge of the apertometer ; in reality. this latter point is o, the middle of the chord. Let this distance o o' be d, and the distance from o' to the lamp L be D. Describe a circle with o' as centre, and o' L as radius. Suppose the adjustments made so that a is the semi-angle as usually taken, a the true semi-angle, so that a = a -f a small angle (3. Then it can be shown that the numerical aperture (as . , ad cos a sin a- '/."V -■~™- M found) = true numerical aperture -| ~~~f) ' ■'-^ UIS "^ term- = — ^Fv — , and will have a maximum when a = 45°, i.e. for_N.A.'s * Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, Nov. 1902, pp. 349-52 (1 fig.). t Dallinger-Carpenter, 8th ed., pp. 394-5. 94 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO just over unity. If the lamp is set near the instrument, so that D is small, the error may become 10 p.c. The lamp should be at least a foot away when the error sinks to 1 or 2 p.c. Simple Method of Focometry and Apertometry.* — F. J. Cheshire first shows how Abbe's method j" of determining the focal length of an optical system can be conveniently applied to a Microscope objective. The magnifying power of the objective is first determined with the draw-tube pushed in. This may be done by placing a sheet of ground glass on the top of the draw-tube, from which the eye-piece has been removed, and then focussing and measuring the image of a stage- micrometer upon it. The magnification M having been determined by this or any other method, the draw-tube is then pulled out to its full extent, and the magnification M again found. Let 8 equal the amount of draw-tube extension, then the focal length / of the objective S system = m /^Tm" The author also gives allied ways of determining the focal and yyl X K Fig. 14. Fig. 15. principal points of objectives, eye-pieces, &c, and optical tube-lengths. His methods of apertometry depend upon the following theory : — In tne case of an aplanatic Microscope objective (fig. 14), let a equal the semi-angle of the maximum cone of light which it can take up from an object in a medium of refractive index p, and let p equal the radius of the disc of light in the upper focal plane. By a well-known equation, if/ equal the back or upper focal length, the N.A. = //. sin a =-?. Now consider the two lens-systems A and B (fig. 15) with a common focal plane and parallel incident light. Further, suppose that each system is spherically corrected for light converging to the common focal points. The system B is shown transmitting a cone of light of greater N.A. than the system A can take up. The effective and equivalent semi- apertures are R and r respectively, and for these the N.A.'s must r R R F obviously be equal. Thus -7. = y or — = -j =a constant. The author describes how, by use of an Abbe's two-lens chromatic con- denser and a disc of fine wire-gauze, he takes the necessary measure- ments. He also gives a comparative table of N.A.'s of a series of lenses obtained by Abbe's apertometer and by the above method. The two sets of results closely agree. * Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, Nov. 1902, pp. 331-42 (6 figs.). f This Journal, 1892, p. 427. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 95 Watson's New Standard Electric Lamp.* — This lamp (fig. 16), which is intended for Microscope work, has a 16 candle-power incan- descent burner, with frosted glass bulb. It is carried on a lacquered brass standard, and, by means of a movable double arm, is adjustable in all directions. The bulb is inclosed in a nickelled reflector of parabolic shape, Avhich has the simultaneous advantage of shielding the eyes and concentrating the light on the Microscope mirror. It can also be sup- plied with a special hood and iris diaphragm. Fig. 16. Small Electric Light for Photomicrography.! — W. Scheffer's first experiments were with a cravat-pin, which held a small electric lamp, lighted by a dry cell of American make. He then constructed a small lamp (fig. 17), in which the carbon filament lay as near as possible to the glass, so that the whole lamp might be brought into close proximity to the under side of the object-slide. The filament, magnified ten diameters, is shown more completely in fig. 18. The length of the filament (a, fig. 17) is 1 mm., the thickness 0*1 mm., and * W. Watson & Sons' Catalogue, 1902-3, p. 116. t Zeitschr. wiss. Mikr., xviii. (1902) pp. 405-8 (3 figs.). 96 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO the distance from the object 2*5 mm. The cone of rays, seen broad- side, is shown in I. (fig. 18), and end-on in II., B being the base (i.e. a in fig. 18). In III. is represented a cone of rays proceeding from a base 2 ■ 5 mm. under similar conditions ; the vertical angle of the cone O T A B I c m Fig. 17. Fig. 18. is obviously much more obtuse. This latter form is to be recommended for objectives of high aperture, and for objects visible by absorption (e.g. coloured preparations), the narrow filament being better for objects affected merely by refraction (e.g. diatoms, uncoloured preparations, &c). When the lamp is brought right under the object, a drop of cedar- oil will bring lamp and object- holder into close connection, and thereby much increase the effect of the light. The lamp is supported on a stand (fig. ID) by means of an arm F, clamped by a screw E. The heavy foot-plate is also a resistance-block, and has a con- tact-key K, thus allowing any desired brightness of light to be obtained. The arm F has a lateral motion by means of the spring C, whereby the position of most advantageous oblique illu- mination may be found. In Gr the lamp may be rotated and clamped for application with the vertical illuminator. The holder B is so fitted with contact-springs that the lamps have merely to be inserted. The resistance-block is provided with a divided circle, so that the degree of illumination can be always regulated. An accumu- lator is recommended as a light-source. Among other advantages possessed by the apparatus, such as cheapness, simplicity, and constancy, Fig. 19. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 97 SO that no condenser system is Is the shortness of time-exposure, required.* Illumination, and the Use of the Condenser in Histological Micro- graphy.f — A. B. Lee sums up his paper on this subject with the fol- lowing advice : — : " If you desire to work with daylight, which I do not advise, put an object on the slide, turn the mirror so as to illuminate it, focus, centre the condenser, if it is not already centred for the objective to be used, set the diaphragm, and focus the condenser on a bar of the window. Afterwards never touch the diaphragm, nor the condenser rackwork. " If you desire to use a lamp without bnll's-eye, put it exactly in its marked position on the table, turn the edge of the flame towards the Microscope, put a coloured screen in front, turn the plane mirror so as to illuminate the condenser, centre the condenser, orientate the mirror so as to centre the flame-image, set the diaphragm, and focus the condenser. Afterwards never touch the diaphragm or the condenser, but regulate the light, if necessary, by your coloured screens. " If you desire to use the bull's-eye, which I regard as the normal arrangement for a cytologist, proceed at first exactly as above, then place the bull's-eye before the flame. Its focal distance from the flame and its azimuthal position having been once for all fixed by stop- screws, it will be in adjustment as soon as it fully illuminates the mirror, and it will be only necessary to slightly correct the orienta- tion of the latter for getting the exact cent- ring of the flame-image, and to re-focus the ^^^S^ condenser for its new light-source. As be- fore, never afterwards touch the diaphragm nor the condenser rackwork, but regulate the light, if necessary, by coloured screens." Illuminating Apparatus for Metallo- graphy 4 — 1. Electric Incandescent Lamp. — This is shown in fig. 20, and is of 150 candle-power, with Edison base, socket, binding-posts, _ stand, and elevating-screws. It is used with a large biconvex condensing lens. 2. 00° Automatic Focussing Electric Arc Lamp.%— This (fig. 21) is used for projection or for photomicrography. It yields from 2000 to * This method of illumination for visual purposes was exhibited before the Society, January 1883; it proved a complete failure, the definition being such as would" satisfy no one but the merest beginner, Joum. R.M.S., 18S3, p. 29, figs. 1-G. It was reinvented in 1885 and 1886, v. Journal for those years, p. 303, figs. 48-54, and p. 1053, fig. 222. , t La Cellule, xix. 2nd fasc. (1902) pp. 405-31 (1 pi.); also as a pamphlet. t Catalogue of the Boston Testing Laboratories, p. 10, fig. 14. § Loc. cit., pp. 16-8, fig. 16. Fig. 20. Feb. 18th, 1903 H 98 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 4000 candle-power, and is adapted to both direct and alternating cur- rents. It is enclosed in a nickel-plated light-tight hood. Fig. 21. 3. 90° Hand-fed Electric Arc Lamp* — This (fig. 22) is for exactly the same purpose as the last. Fig. 2'1 4. Acetylene Gas A]ypa/ratus.\ — This illuminant is considered inferior to electricity. The arrangement of burners is shown in fig. 2;!, and the generator in fig. 24. They are coupled by india-rubber tubing. Loc. cit., fig. 17. t Loc. cit., p. 19, figs. 18 and l!>. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 99 Fig. 23. Origin of the Davis Shutter.— It will be found, on referring to the Journal for 1882, p. 262, that an iris diaphragm placed at the back of an object-glass (now known as a Davis shutter) was first suggested by Dr. Royston Pigott in 1869, for reducing the aperture of objectives. At that date Dr. R. Pigott maintained that wide-aperture objectives produced con- fused images. Simple Form of Reflecting Pola- riser.* — F. J. Cheshire mounts, in the axis of the Microscope, a slip of ground glass Gr (fig. 25), about lj by 2£ in., at an inclination of 33^°, on a short spindle A, capable of rotation by a milled head B. The glass slip is blackened with Aspinall's enamel on its. back and ground side. This polariser is mounted on the tail-piece of the Microscope in the same way as the usual mirror. Therefore when the spindle A has been rotated so as to bring the lamp-flame into view, the light is reflected at the proper angle Fig. 24. * Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, Nov. 1902, pp. 353-4 (1 fig.). H 2 100 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO for polarisation. The analyser is screwed into the bottom of the draw- tube, in which position it does not limit the field of view as when mounted in the eye-piece, and must lie capable of independent rota- tion. Leiss, C. — TJeber eine Verbesserung an der Polarisationseinrichtung von Mi- kroskopen. [The essential part of the arrange- ment consists in the facility for moving aside the polariser, which is fitted in a sleeve on a hinged arm, the illuminating and condenser lenses being un- affected. The low-power con- denser lens is independent of the polariser, and the latter is proti eted l0 seconds in an aqueous solution of permanganate of potash 1-2500 (i.e. 5 parts of water and 1 part of \ p.c. of Pal's solution). They are then transferred for 10-60 seconds to a saturated aqueous solution of sulphurous acid {S0 2 5 p.c). Wash in water and repeat the procedure, diminishing the stay in permanganate, until the section is of a rose colour traversed by reddish lines. Finally, 96 p.c. alcohol, carbol- xylol, Canada balsam. The axis-cylinders and the ganglion-cells are stained red while the neuroglia and the medullary sheaths are quite decolorised. The red •corpuscles, the nuclei of the neuroglia, are partially stained. The author calls the attention of microscopists to this selective staining by means of carmin, a pigment which has been much neglected in recent times. Staining and Preservation of Series of Sections on Paper Slips.f A. Schoenemann, after mentioning the material worked with (nasal cavity of infants, petrous bone of adults), describes the method of de- calcifying. At first 7 p.c. sulphuric acid was used, but afterwards sulphurous acid. The material was immersed in a saturated solution, and as long as it remained therein, remained hard, but on being trans- ferred to water the bone salts dissolved out. After dehydration in absolute alcohol, the objects were transferred to a mixture of ether and •oil of cloves (2-1), and then to Stepahow's celloidin, which consists of celloidin chips 1 • 5 grm., oil of cloves 5 grm., ether 20 grm., absolute alcohol 1 grm. After a time, varying according to the size of the object, they were •covered with chloroform, and when sufficiently hard the paper casing was stripped off and the mass placed in chloroform. When the hardening is complete the blocks are transferred to cedar-wood oil if they are to * Zeitechr. f. wiss. Mikr., six. (1902) pp. 161-76. t Tom. cit., pp. 150-61. 108 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO be dry cut. If wet cutting be preferred, the chloroform bath is not used but the blocks are hardened in 80 p.c. alcohol. The author prefers the dry cutting method, and sticks the block on with a thick solution of collodion or with paraffin. As the sections are cut they are placed on strips of specially prepared colour-proof paper, one end of the strip being reserved for notes on identification, &c. When a sufficient number of sections have been placed in position they are flattened down with blotting-paper. The paper strips are then immersed in 80 p.c. alcohol, in which they are freed from the cedar-wood oil. When the sections are to be stained, the strips are placed in a water-bath to extract the alcohol, after which they are treated with hematoxylin, such as hremalum, Grenacher's, Delafield's, in dilute solutions. The strips are placed in tap-water to bring out the colour well and then in 95 p.c. alcohol to which eosin has been added. In this way they are contrast- stained and partially dehydrated. The next step is to treat the sections with carbolxylol (1-3) and then with xylol. What the next procedure is depends on whether it be decided to preserve the strips or examine them in the dry or moist condition. If the latter, the strips are soaked in cedar-wood oil, and then placed on a slide and covered with a strip of glass or mica. If they are to be preserved in the dry state, they are coated with elastinlack (Griibler). This varnish dries in from 12 to 24 hours. The strips must be kept in a cool place. Staining- the Plague Bacillus.* — E. Horniker obtains excellent polar staining of B. pestis by treating the air-dried and flame-fixed films with saturated alcoholic solutions of methylen-blue and gentian-violet. After allowing the stain to act for l£ to 2 minutes, the preparation is washed with water. Staining Malaria Parasites with A-Methylen-Blue-Eosin.f — K. Renter practises the following procedure. The air-dried film is fixed in formol-alcohol (formol 10, absolute alcohol 90), and then carefully dried with blotting-paper. The preparations are then immersed in the stain (aq. destill. 20 c.cm., A-methylen-blue-eosin (Griibler) 30 drops). By tilting the capsule containing the staining solution after the manner of developing a photographic plate the staining process is materially accelerated ; it should be completed in 15-20 minutes. The film is then washed with distilled water, and after having been mopped up and dried in the air, is mounted in balsam. Staining the Parasites of Malaria perniciosa.J — G. Maurer re- commends the following procedure for staining the parasites of per- nicious malaria. The chief requisites are a good film, careful drying and hardening, and a very ripe alkaline methylen-blue solution. The slides must be perfectly clean, and the film made after the method of Jancso and Rosenberger. The film is first dried in the air, and then fixed by immersing it for 10 to 15 minutes in alcohol-ether. On re- moval ' it is dried in the air or in the flame. It is then ready for * Centralbl. Bakt, l te Abt. Orig., xxxii. (1902) pp. 926-8. t Tom. cit., pp. 842-5. J Tom. cit, pp. 695-717 (3 pis.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 109 staining. In a 60 c.cm. flask 10 drops of methylen-blue solution are mixed with 25 c.cm. of tap-water, and in another flask 15 drops of eosin solution with 25 c.cm. of tap-water. The latter is then poured into the former, after which the blood preparation is immersed in the mixture and kept moving about briskly for about five minutes. On ' removing the preparation water is poured over it to get rid of the super- fluous stain. The preparation is now probably too blue, and the excess is removed by immersing in distilled water. If this be not sufficient, the preparation must be dried and again treated with distilled water. The ordinary methylen-blue solution may be used (1 p.c. aqueous methylen-blue med. Hochst with \ p.c. soda), but 1-2 p.c. ammonia or T V P- c - caustic potash are better than the soda. This solution takes 4 to 6 weeks to ripen. The eosin solution is a 1 p.c. solution in distilled water. Though the proportion of 10 methylen-blue to 15 eosin was found to be best for most cases, yet when the methylen-blue is weak or unripe, it may be increased to 15-25, and conversely, when too ripe and strong may be reduced to 7-15. Demonstration of Flagella in Coccaceas.* — ■ D. Ellis has demon- strated the presence of flagella in a large number of Coccaceaj by the following method. The samples, which were obtained from Krai's laboratory, were sown first on dextrose-agar and Spirillum-agar. As soon as any growth was perceived, a trace thereof was inoculated on fresh agar, and this procedure was repeated until movements in indi- vidual cocci became evident, after which they were re-inoculated and cultivated until a culture was found suitable for flagella preparations. In general A. Meyer's method of fixing and staining (see this Journal, 1900, p. 873) was adopted, though modifications in the fixation, length of mordanting, and staining were had recourse to. As a rule, the preparations were fixed for 5 minutes at 40° C, and then mordanted for 4-6 minutes at room temperature. For staining, acid-violet was used ; this was heated until it vaporised, after which the preparation was allowed to stand for 2 minutes at room temperature. As the result of the foregoing procedure, the author infers that all species of Coccacece are flagellated. Stain for Elastic Fibres.j — J. H. Stebbins, jim., recommends the following method by which elastic fibres are stained dark- blue to blue- black. Dissolve 2 grin, fuchsin and 4 grm. resorcin in 200 c.cm. of boiling water. While boiling add 25 c.cm. of liquor ferri sesquichlorid. and boil for 5 minutes longer ; then cool and filter. Dissolve the pre- cipitate collected on the filter in 200 c.cm. of 94 p.c. alcohol by boiling, and when all is dissolved bring the volume of the fluid up to 200 c.cm. with 94 p.c. alcohol. Finally add 4 c.cm. of HC1, mix well by shaking, and the stain will be ready for use. The material may be fixed in Zenker's fluid, or in formaldehyde. The sections are stained for 20 to 60 minutes, washed in absolute alco- hol, cleared in xylol, and then mounted. If desired, they may be pre- viously contrast-stained with carmin. * Oentralbl. Bakt., 2" Abi, ix. (1902) pp. 54G-60 (2 pis.), t Journ. N.Y. Micr. Soc, xvi. (1901) pp. 4-5. 110 SUMMARY OF CURRENT EESEAECHES RELATING TO (5) Mounting-, including- Slides, Preservative Fluids, &c. Making Preparations of Crystals for the Micropolariscope.*— S. E. Dowdy says that the first essential of success is to get the slides perfectly free from grease. Rubbing them with a paste made by working up a little prepared chalk with equal parts of rectified spirit and liquid ammonia, drying, and finally polishing on chamois leather, answers well. Make a saturated solution of the chemical in cold distilled water in a test-tube. Warm the supernatant fluid so that it may take up a little more of the salt in solution. Deposit a drop or two of the warm solution in the centre of a slide and allow it to spread. If it do not form a film but remain as a globule it is a sign that the slide is still greasy. If a film forms, it should be covered with a watch-glass and the slide put aside to cool. The results are better from slow cooling, but the process may be hastened by heating the liquid on the slide until a thin film of salt appears at the edge and then putting aside to cool. When formed, the crystals should be mounted at once in xylol-balsam of thick viscid consistence. (6) Miscellaneous. Interesting" Extract from Hooke.f — ■" Nature is not to be limited by our narrow apprehensions ; future improvements of glasses may yet further enlighten our understanding and ocular inspection may demon- strate that which as yet we may think too extravagant either to suppose or feign." This quotation occurs in connection with a letter received from " the ingenious and inquisitive Mr. Leeuwenhoeck, of Delft," sent October 5, 1677. In this letter, Leeuwenhoeck speaks of the vast number of animalcules to be seen in an infusion of pepper, and Hooke calculates that over 8,000,000 of these minute animals exist in a single drop. The work from which the extract is taken is entitled ' Lectures and Collections made by Robert Hooke, Secretary of the Royal Society,' 1678, p. 118. The latter part of this collection has a second title, ' Microscopium or some new Discoveries made with and concerning Microscopes.' Handbook of Instructions for Collectors.! — The authorities of the British Museum (Natural History) have issued in book form the series of pamphlets, treating of the collecting and preservation of specimens, which were chiefly drawn up for the better information of voluntary collectors resident abroad. The various chapters have been written by different members of the staff of the Natural History Museum. Much valuable information is contained in the booklet, though a few more diagrams would have been useful adjuncts to the verbal descriptions. On the other hand, illustrations such as that of a cyanide bottle seem somewhat superfluous, and the morality of the advice (p. 129) to bribe customs officers is more than doubtful. Physiological Histology.§ — G. Mann's Methods and Theory of Physiological Histology is bound to command widespread interest among * Engl. Mech., lxxvi. (1902) pp. 319-20. t Brit, Mus. Cat., 233 h. 5. X Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 1902, 137 pp., with illustrations. § Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1902, vii. and 488 pp. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. Ill physiologists and pathologists, as it is the first work in the English tongue which has treated the practice and theory of fixation and staining in a thorough and scientific manner. Its contents will well repay a careful examination, and the volume will, no doubt, soon be found in every well appointed laboratory. The first nine chapters deal with the various aspects of fixation. These are followed by others describing the methods of bleaching, decalcifying, injecting, and of obtaining sections. In chapters fourteen to twenty, dyes and staining are treated of. To these succeed impregnation methods, the chemistry of some tissue-con- stituents, and microchemical reactions. In chapter xxiv. the theory of staining is discussed at considerable length and with much erudition and knowledge. In the last chapter are described the methods for rendering prepara- tions permanent. The book concludes with an appendix in which the chemistry of dyes is dealt with in much detail, and with a note on micro- anatomical reaction. In conclusion, we may say that the author has succeeded in pro- ducing a work of considerable merit, which is marked throughout by accurate knowledge of the theory of the subject and by practical ex- perience of the methods discussed. It is the work of one in authority, and quite unlike many compilations which profess so much. ' Modern Microscopy.' *• — This useful handbook, which this year has reached its third edition, is the outcome of the knowledge and expe- rience of M. I. Cross and M. J. Cole, by whom the text has been en- tirely revised and considerably enlarged. The information regarding the Microscope and microscopical technique has been brought up to date and much extended in scope. A new feature of the present edition is a chapter on the choice and use of microtomes. The general get-up of the volume, which is freely illustrated, is very good. Microscopic Examination of Paper Fibres.f— W. R. Whitney and A. Gr. Woodman, in a very useful communication, give an account of the procedure they adopt for examining paper fibres microscopically. As a rule, a magnification of 60 diameters only is required, but higher powers are at times useful. The Microscope must be fitted with ap- paratus for viewing objects with polarised light. The paper to be examined is torn into small bits, and these are boiled for a few minutes in a 1 p.c. solution of caustic soda ; then the pulpy mass is poured on a fine sieve (about 100 meshes to the linear inch) and washed with water until practically free from alkali. The pulp is transferred to a bottle half filled with water, and shaken vigorously to break up any lumps. It is not advisable to use glass beads or garnets to assist in the dis- sociation, but it may be necessary, in order to separate the fibres, to fray them gently in a mortar. The fibres may be inspected in water or glycerin and water, and permanent mounts made in agar, glycerin-jelly, or Canada balsam. Several should always be prepared, in order to be sure that examples of the various cell-forms may be obtained. The slides are to be examined by direct, and by polarised light, and their * Bailliere, Tindal & Cox, London, 1903, xvi. and 292 pp. and 77 figs. t Technology Quart., xv. (1902) pp. 272-307 (94 figs.). 112 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO various characteristics noted down. In this way their identity may be narrowed down to three or four fibres, and their exact identification established by reference to detailed descriptions given by the authors in their valuable paper. Method of Making Collodion Tubes.* — K. Kellerman pours 3 p.c. collodion into test-tubes of suitable size. The tubes are then rapidly revolved, so as to coat the interior The superfluous collodion solution is poured off, and the tube is then placed in the inverted position to allow it to drain easily, and to dry and harden the film. The tube is allowed to " stand for three minutes to one hour, and then filled with water. This loosens the collodion, so that the tube is easily drawn out. Ink for Writing on Glass.| — P. Gr. Unna uses an ink for pro- visionally marking slides composed of zinc oxide 7 -5, gelanth 7 "5, distilled water 15. New Micrometer.^ — This instrument (fig. 30), devised by Sir J. Hooker, obviates the inconvenience of the double measurement involved Fig. 30. in the use of compasses and a rule. It records the length of an object up to a fraction of an inch or millimetre, one side of the scale being graduated to inches and the other to millimetres. It is specially useful for work with the dissecting Microscope, as the object may be measured without removing the eye from the ocular. The instrument is 4 in. in length, and as it is graduated for the ordinary and metric systems, it furnishes a ready means of converting the reading of one scale into terms of the other. It is made by A. H. Baird of Edinburgh. * Joura. App. Micr., v. (1902) p. 2038. t Monatsch. Prakt. Dermatol., xxxii. (1901) p. 343. t A. H. Baird, Edinburgh: Catalogue, 1902 (1 fig.). ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 113 New Colony-Counter.* — L. S. Ross describes a new bacteria colony- counter (figs. 31-33), of which a great feature is that the glass bear- ing the ruled lines can be brought quite close to the growth, by which a great source of error is eliminated. A glass disk ruled to square centimetres is mounted on the end of a short barrel that moves freely by Fig. 31. screw-thread within a collar. A block similar to that used in the Barnes dissecting Microscope has a metal circle on the top over the mirror, of a size to hold the 100 mm. Petri dish ; a rim is on the circle to hold the dish in position. Underneath the circle a mirror, or a black surface if Fig. 32. desired, is placed at an angle of 45 degrees. A sliding-post bearing a jointed arm is set into the block, to hold the lens in counting. The dish to be counted is set upon the circle, the cover is removed, and the barrel is placed disk down inside the dish, the collar holding the barrel resting upon the edge of the dish. The barrel is lowered through the * Journ App. Micr., v. (1902) pp. 1970-1 (3 figs,) Feb. 18th, 190.1 114 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO collar by means of the screw-thread until the ruled glass is close to the gelatin. The barrel is of such a length that the ruled glass may be brought close to the gelatin in dishes of various depths. By means of the jointed arm the lens is swung into place and may be carried over the entire surface of the dish. The apparatus is made by Bausch and Lomb. Fig. 33. Abba, F. — Manuale tecnico di microscopia e batteriologia applicate all' igiene. Torino (Claussen) 1902, 8vo, 671 pp., about 351 figs. Cajal, S. Ramon y. — Elementos de Mstologia normal y de tecnica micrografica. 3rd ed., Madrid, 1901, 8to. Ehrlich, P., Krause. R., Mosse, M., Rosin, H., und Weigert, C. — Encyklopadie der mikroskopischen Technik mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Farbelebre. Abt. 1, 2. Wien (Urban u. Scliwarzenberg), 1903, 8vo, 800 pp. and numerous figs. Gobham, F. P. — A Laboratory Course in Bacteriology. London (Saunders), 1901. Svo. Strasburgeb, E. — Das botaniscbe Prakticum. Anleitung zum Selbstudium der mikroskopischen Botanik for Anfanger und Geiibtere, zugleich Handbucb der mikroskopiscbeD Tecbnik. 4th ed., Jena (Fischer), 1902, Svo, 771 pp. and 230 figs. Wright. A. E. — New Procedures for the Examination of the Blood and of Bacterial Cultures. [(1) On the possibility of dispensing with the standard pipettes and micro- metrical rulings of the hsemocytometer. (2) On a method of deter- mining under the Microscope the number of micro-organisms contained in bacterial cultures. (3) On a simple procedure for coagulation tubes of standard calibre ; also a note on the practical importance of the information obtained from the coagulometer.] Lancet, 1902, II. pp. 11-7. Metallography. Metallography : an Introduction to the Study of the Structure of Metals chiefly by the Aid of the Microscope.* — This is the title of a useful work by A. H. Hiorns. The author believes it to be the first on the subject in the English language, and as the principles of metallo- graphy are yet in their infancy, he has not attempted any strictly logical basis of treatment. The book is divided into thirteen chapters, the first three of which are devoted to methods of preparation ; the others treat of the various metals and their alloys. The book is also subdivided into sections, and the numerous photomicrographs amply * Macmillan & Co., 1902, 158 pp. and 96 photomicros. ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 1 1 5 illustrate our present knowledge of the subject. A glossary of technical terms is appended. Fracture of Metals under repeated Alternations of Stress.* — J. A. Ewing and J. C. W. Humphrey have investigated by means of the Microscope the process by which iron becomes " fatigued " and breaks down, when subjected to repeated reversals of stress. It is shown that, although the greatest stress may be much within the limits of elasticity, it produces rupture after many reversals. The first visible effect is the production of slip-bands here and there on individual crystals. These gradually become more numerous. They also become accentuated and broadened, and their edges turn rough and burred, apparently as a result of grinding of one surface on the other over the plane in which the slip has occurred. At a later stage certain of the slip-bands develop into cracks, the cracks spread from crystal to crystal, and fracture ensues. Volatilisation and Recrystallisation of the Platinum Metals.t For the measurement of high temperatures by means of thermo-elements, it is usual to employ a combination of a platinum wire with one of platin-rh odium (Le Chatelier), or with one of platin-iridium (Barns). L. Holborn and F. Henning have undertaken experiments to test the suitability of these materials, and especially to discover whether the crystalline structure suffered any degeneration in consequence of pro- longed heating. It was found that alloys of platinum and iridium at a temperature of 1500° C. lose weight considerably, and metallographic examination showed extensive disintegration of structure. The other metals and alloys were practically unchanged. Campbell, W. — Upon the Structure of Metals and Binary Alloys. [Discusses methods, crystal ine structure, effects of strain, effects of heat treatment, and represintativi s of the various groups of binary alloys.] MetaUogmphist, V. (1902) pp. 2S6-334 (3S figs.). Houghton, S. A. — The Internal Structure of Iron and Steel with special re- ference to defective Material. [A very clearly written paper, copiously illustrated with excellent photo- micros.] Mdallographist, V. (1902) pp. 257-So (34 figs.). * Proc. Boy. Soc, lxxi. (1902) p. 79. f S.B. d. k. Preuss. Akad.d."\Yis8. zu Berlin, xxxix. (1902) pp. f 3>J-13 (11 photo- micros). I 2 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. -*»•- MEETING Held on the 17th of December, 1902, at 20 Hanover Square, \Y. Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Meeting of the 19th of November, 1902, were read and confirmed, and were signed by the President. The List of Donations to the Society (exclusive of exchanges and reprints) received since the last Meeting was read, and the thanks of the Society were voted to the donors. From Handbook of Instructions for Collectors. Issued by the British \ -. ™ T . Museum (Nat. Hist.). (London, Svo, 1902) / mr ' "• Jnsl€n - Mr. J. J. Vezey explained that Dr. Hebb had been unexpectedly detained as an examiner at Cambridge, and regretted therefore he could not be present ; he (Mr. Vezey) had undertaken to fulfil his duties. He then read the following list of nominations for Officers and Council to be submitted for election at the Annual Meeting of the Society in .January next : — President — Dr. Henry Woodward. Vice-Presidents — Messrs. Wm. Carruthers, G. C. Karop, A. 1). Michael, and E. M. Nelson. Treasurer — Mr. Yezey. Secretaries — Rev. Dr. Dallinger and Dr. Hebb. Council — Messrs. J. M. Allen, Wynne E. Baxter, Conrad Beck, Dr. Braithwaite, Rev. E. Carr, Messrs. A. N. Disney, J. W. Gifford, Rt. Hon Sir Ford North, Messrs. H. G. Plimmer, T. H. Powell, P. E. Radley, and C. F. Rousselet. Librarian — Mr. Radley. Curator — Mr. Rousselet. Auditor on behalf of the Council — Mr. J. M. Allen. The Fellows having been requested to elect one of their number as Auditor to act with Mr. Allen, Mr. C. L. Curties was thereupon pro- posed, seconded and duly elected as Auditor on behalf of the Fellows of the Society. Mr. C. F. Rousselet exhibited an apparatus for drawing objects natural size, which was figured in the Society's Journal for 1900 (p. 734), but had not been previously exhibited. The instrument had now been PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 117 sent to them by Messrs. Bauscb. and Lomb. It consisted of an upright pillar mounted on a firm base, and carrying an eye-piece which consisted of two right-angled prisms cemented together and silvered on their facing surfaces with the exception of a small hole, and having a third prism cemented to these. The pillar also supported a rigid arm, which carried a mirror at each extremity fixed at an angle of 45° to the hori- zontal. The object to be drawn was placed under one of the mirrors, and the paper on which the drawing was to be made was similarly placed below the other, the image being seen through the eye-piece projected upon the paper, on which it could easily be traced with a pencil. The thanks of the Meeting were voted to Messrs. Bausch and Lomb for sending this apparatus for exhibition, and to Mr. Rousselet for explaining it. Mr. E. M. Nelson's note on a Two-speed Fine Adjustment was read by Mr. Vezey, and illustrated by a diagram drawn upon the board. The thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Nelson for his com- munication. The Rev. R. Freeman read a paper, by Mr. F. R. Dixon-Nuttall and himself, ' On the genus Diaschiza,' 1 which was illustrated by a number of drawings shown upon the screen by means of the Epidiascope. The President, in moving a vote of thanks to Mr. Freeman, said it was obviously impossible to judge fully of the merits of an exhaustive paper of this kind from simply hearing it read, but they would look forward to reading it for themselves in the Journal, with the beautiful illustrations they had seen exhibited before them in the plates accomr panying the text of the paper. Mr. C.F. Rousselet said : The paper on the genus Diaschiza to which we have been listening will be welcomed by all students of the Rotifera. It is one of those which has required a very great deal of work — work of some years indeed, and much more than appears on the surface of it. For I know by experience how difficult it is, and how long a time it takes to check all the reported facts and find out the mistakes or inaccu- racies of previous students of such an obscure and difficult group of Rotifers as the genus Diaschiza. The mistakes were due mostly to the imperfection of the tools with which these predecessors had to work, but they were none the less mistakes, likely to lead astray, and involving considerable work to find out and correct. I think the authors are to be congratulated on the success with which they have revised this genus, and also on their good fortune in having found all the well authenticated species in their neighbourhood. The fine figures which we have seen on the screen, drawn by Mr. Dixon-Nuttall, are so good and full of detail, that the identification of the species will no longer offer the difficulties which it formerly did. It will have been noticed that several well-known names will have to disappear as synonymous, such, for instance, as Diaschiza semiaperta, which is obviously identical with Furcularia gibba of Ehrenberg, and will now be known as D. gibba. 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. In the case of I), cceca, no less than four of Mr. Gosse's species arc melted down as varieties of only one. Mr. Gosse was a very keen observer, and no one could draw better than he did such details as he could see. But obviously, he could not draw what his Microscope could not reveal, and when we know from his son's biography, that Mr. Gosse bought a Microscope in 1850, which, regardless of modern improve- ments, he continued to use throughout his life, we can understand how it is that some of the more minute features in the anatomy of Rotifers escaped his keen scrutiny. By the courtesy of Dr. H. M. D. Phillpotts, of Babbacombe, Torquay, its present possessor, and the kindness of Dr. Cressey, who has brought it from Torquay, this Microscope is here to-night for your inspection. You will observe it is an old but first class Microscope, made by Hugb Powell about 1840. It is identical with the old Microscope presented to the Society by Messrs. W. Watson and Sons, in November last year, a description of which, by Mr. Nelson, will be found in the Journal for 1901, p. 728. The three object-glasses — 1-in., ^-in., and £-in., all provided with a Lieberkuhn — are exceedingly good even now, and accord- ing to modern standards the two higher powers only lack aperture ; but this want of aperture, or N.A., is precisely what prevented Mr. Gosse from seeing the very minute details, such as the dorsal and lateral antennae in many Rotifers, the fine sette above the toes of the Diaschiza. &c, which are missing in his drawings. A binocular body is also present, and must have been added later in the sixties ; but Dr. Hudson has told me that Mr. Gosse could not use a binocular owing to the shortness of focus of one of his eyes. This, then, is the very interesting Microscope with which Mr. Gosse did all his work on the Rotifera, and it certainly is a very efficient instrument, and one of the very best types available at the time when he acquired it, and our very best thanks are due to Dr. Phillpotts for kindly sending this instrument for exhibition, and to Dr. Cressey for bringing it up from Torquay. The thanks of the Meeting were voted to Mr. Dixon-Nuttall and Rev. R. Freeman for their paper, to Mr. Rousselet for his remarks, and to Dr. Phillpotts for the loan of this very interesting old Microscope, and to Dr. Cressey for bringing it from Torquay for this Meeting. Mr. E. R. Turner made a communication 'On a new Arrangement for taking Photomicrographs in Colours,' and illustrated the subject by the exhibition of a number of examples shown on the screen. The problem of photography in natural colours, said Mr. Turner, has been approached from many different standpoints. Very few pro- cesses, however, have been found to be of value. The most successful at present known was suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in a lecture at the Royal Institution in 1861, and although he had not the material to enable him to put his theory into practice, it has been proved since that what he advanced was of real practical value. He suggested that the theory of colour-vision might be employed as a means of obtaining a reproduction of the natural colour, and that if the three colours to which the eye was found to be sensitive were repre- PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 119 sented by three photographs, then by projecting these three photographs each through a colour-screen similar to that used in obtaining the photo- graphs, and superposing the images, an exact reproduction of the various colours of the original would be obtained. Instead of projecting the images by means of a lantern, photographs in the form of prints or transparencies may be obtained by a modifica- tion of the same idea. Ducos du Harmon was the first to obtain a picture in pigments by this method, but his effects were not satisfactory. In 1890, Mr. F. E. Ives produced some good results in Philadelphia, and in 1894 exhibited them in London ; but in his lecture before the Society of Arts, April 22, 189 G, he described the process as almost impracticable. The two specimens shown, which were made by Mr. Ives about this date, are, however, very good. Briefly, the details of this process are as follows : — Three negatives are taken of any given subject by means of an ordinary camera, three colour-screens, as suggested by Maxwell, being employed in order to produce the requisite colour records, these colour-screens being respec- tively red, green, and blue, and the plates employed being sensitive to these colours. Then three pieces of mica, split to the thickness of thin cover-glass, which have been coated on one side with bichromated gelatin, are exposed, one under each negative, to daylight. The par- ticular coloured light, which was absorbed by the colour-screen when taking the negative, will be represented by clear glass, and the light will render this exposed portion insoluble, so that, upon washing away that portion of the gelatin which remains soluble by means of warm water, an image in clear insoluble gelatin is obtained, which in its varying thickness is an exact record of the coloured light absorbed by the colour-screen ; thus the red screen absorbed the green and blue light, and the resulting gelatin print is stained in a greenish-blue dye : the green screen absorbs red and blue light, and the gelatin print from this negative is stained with a dye which transmits red and blue ; the print from the negative taken through the blue screen is stained yellow. When making the exposure of the bichromated gelatin under the negative, the mica is placed next the negative, so that the insoluble image which results from the exposure to daylight may have the mica on which to adhere ; if printed on the gelatin side, a layer of soluble gelatin will remain between the insoluble image and the support. The necessity of printing through the support at once demonstrates the superiority of mica over celluloid, the former being so thin that the finest details will print sharp. A sheet of celluloid, on the other hand, is of quite an appreciable thickness, and microscopic detail cannot be secured. The special advantages of using Lumiere's process for scientific work are, that, in the first place, by the employment of mica in the place of celluloid, very fine detail can be secured. As the mica has no tendency to become distorted, there is no difficulty in obtaining accurate registration of the three monochromes. Thirdly, as there is no necessity to balsam the three images together, the resulting picture will not be affected by prolonged exposure to the heat of the projection lantern. By the employment of exactly the same process to obtain all three monochromes the scale of gradation is preserved, and the most delicate tints may be accurately reproduced. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Mr. R. L. Gleason also exhibited several interesting slides in illus- tration of the same process, and gave details as to exposure, &c. The President expressed the thanks of the Society to Mr. Turner and Mr. Gleason for their demonstration of a process which he was sure had a very great future before it. He thought that practical demonstra- tions such as this were of great value, not merely as showing what could be done by colour processes, but as a great incentive to others to experi- ment for themselves. Mr. Vezey thought it scarcely necessary to say how glad the Fellows of the Society were to see Dr. Dallinger amongst them again, and to know that his health had been sufficiently recovered to enable him to be present. Dr. Dallinger said he was greatly obliged to Mr. Vezey and to the Fellows of the Society for the welcome they had given him. It had been a source of great pain to him to be absent from their Meetings, but the doctors had told him that the only way to recover was to keep from exposure at night and from any mental strain or excitement, and this he had done with so far beneficial results, and he hoped to be in his place in future as usual. Notice was given that the Society's rooms would be closed from December 24 to January 3 inclusive. The following- Objects, Instruments, &c, were exhibited : — Rev. R. Freeman : — Drawings, shown on the screen by means of the Epidiascope, in illustration of the paper by Mr. F. R. Dixon-Nuttall and himself on the Genus Diaschiza. jj^ij Mr. E. R. Turner : — Slides shown on the screen in illustration of his communication on taking Photomicrographs in Colour. Mr. R. L. Gleason : — Slides shown on the screen in illustration of Colour Photomicrography. Mr. K. I. Marks : — Melicerta tubicolaria. ^H) Mr. C. F. Rousselet : — H. Bausch's Apparatus for Drawing Objects Natural Size. New Fellows : — The following were elected Ordinary Fellows : — H.Th. Giissow, Rev. Thomas Nevill, Lieut.-Col. George Lyon Tupman, PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 121 ANNIVERSARY MEETING. Held on the 21st of January, 1903, at 20 Hanover Square, W. Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the Meeting of the 17th of December, 1902, were read and confirmed, and were signed by the President. At the request of the Secretary, Messrs. Freshwater and Rheinberg undertook the duties of Scrutineers, and proceeded with the ballot for Officers and Council of the Society for the ensuing year. The List of Donations to the Society (exclusive of exchanges and reprints) received since the last Meeting, was read, and the thanks of the Society were voted to the donors. From Cross and Cole, Modem Microscopy. 3rd edition. (London, 8vo,) m. p u i,7,- s i ers lyOo) . • •• •• •• .. .. •• .. .. .. .. . .) Hovestadt, Dr. H., Jena Glass, and its Scientific and Industrial I Applications. Translated and edited by J. D. Everett and > The Publishers. Alice Everett, (London, 8 vo, 1902) J Pantocsek, Dr. Josef, A Balaton Kovanoszatai vagy Bacillariai.l T j, a *h (Budapesth, 8vo, 1902) / ^MAutnor. Atti dell' Instituto Botanico dell' Universita di Pavia. Vol. vii.l V f C B iotii pt. 1. (Milano, 8vo, 1902) nal of the Board of Agricu 8vo, 1902) «#••/ of Agriculture. Journal of the Board of Agriculture. Vol. ix. No. 3. (London,! The Board f 0/ The President called attention to three frames of photographs taken for the lantern by the Sanger-Shepherd three-colour process, exhibited in the room by Mr. Norman, who was invited to offer some remarks in explanation. Mr. Norman said that the slides were examples of the Sanger- Shepherd process of colour photography, as applied to medical photo- micrography. A blow-through jet and zirconium lime were used for the illumination of the specimens from which the negatives were made. This form of jet he preferred, in a private house, for its safety, as well as its simplicity and efficiency. Zeiss's or Swift's objectives were em- ployed, with Zeiss's No. 4 compensating or projection oculars for the higher powers. There was no special difficulty in this colour process, but if ordinary photomicrography required care and patience, then this work required more care, patience and perseverance. The Cadet Rapid Spectrum plates, which were used for the negatives, although so fast and so sensitive to practically all the colours of the 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. spectrum, were most easily worked if a suitable developer was used ; and they allowed ample illumination in the dark room without showing fog. In staining up the films he had found the best results were obtained by first staining them fully in the normal solution, then to wash out the excess of colouring matter under a good rose tap, and finally to stain up again in a very weak solution of the dye, by which means" the very fine details were secured without overstating other parts where the impressions were strongest. He thought it would be admitted that the slides exhibited showed the possibilities of this process, and its undoubted value in teaching histology, pathology, and bacteriology, and many other subjects that required the aid of illustration by the lantern. On the motion of the President, the thanks of the Society were voted to Mr. Norman for his communication. The President announced that the Scrutineers had handed in the result of the ballot, and declared that the whole of those Fellows whose names had been printed in the lists had been duly elected, as follows— President— Henry Woodward, Esq., LL.D. F.R.S. F.G.S. F.Z.S. Vice-Presidents— William Carruthers, Esq., F.R.S. F.L.S. F.G.S. • George C. Karop, Esq., M.R.C.S. ; *A. D. Michael, Esq. F.L.S.- * E. M. Nelson, Esq. Treasurer — J. J. Vezey, Esq. Secretaries— Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D. D.Sc. D.C.L. F.R.S. F.L.S F.Z.S. ; R. G. Hebb, Esq., M.A. M.D. F.R.C.P. Other Members of Council — Jas. Mason Allen, Esq. ; * Wynne E. Baxter, Esq., J.P. F.G.S. F.R.G.S. ; Conrad Beck, Esq.; * Robert Braithwaite, Esq., M.D. M.R.C.S. F.L.S. ; Rev. Edmund Carr, M.A F.R.Met.S. ; A. N. Disney, Esq., M.A. B.Sc. ; * Jas. William Gifford, Esq. ; * The Rt. Hon. Sir Ford North, P.O. F.R.S. ; Henry George Phmmer, Esq., F.L.S. ; Thomas H. Powell, Esq. ; Percy E. Radley. Esq. ; Charles F. Rousselet, Esq. Librarian — Percy E. Radley, Esq. Curator — Charles F. Rousselet, Esq. The President said that on his own behalf he thanked the Fellows of the Society for the honour they had done him in again electing him as their President. Dr. Hebb then read the Report of the Council for the year 1902, as follows. KEPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR 1902. FELLOWS. Ordinary.— During the year 1902, 18 new Fellows have been elected, whilst 9 have resigned and 10 have died. Amongst the latter the Council makes special mention of the following : — Mr. A. W. Bennett Mr. T. Comber, Prof. J. W. Groves, Dr. W. M. Ord, Mr. C. M. Vorcv' Rev. Prof. Wiltshire. * Thope with an asterisk (*) had not held during the preceding year the office for wliich tliey ore elected. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 123 Honorary. — Two Honorary Fellows, H. De Lacaze Duthiers and Dr. R. L. Maddox, have died, and the Right Hon. Lord Rayleigh has ■been elected an Honorary Fellow. The number of Honorary Fellows is now 46. The list of Fellows now contains the names of 432 Ordinary, 1 Corresponding, 46 Honorary, and 83 Ex-Officio Fellows, being a total of 562. FINANCES. The amount received for Subscriptions during the past year is about 50?. less than that in 1901. This is chiefly accounted for by the slack- ness of some Fellows in the payment of their Annual Subscriptions, there being about 701. in arrears. The Council hopes that by calling attention to this fact, Fellows will assist the Treasurer by being more prompt in their payments in future. Every Fellow who has not paid in the early months of the year when the subscription is due has received three separate applications for payment, besides a slip of reminder attached to two issues of the Journal. This entails much extra and unnecessary work on the clerical staff, besides putting the Society to increased ex- pense for postage. The admission and compounding fees received during the year have been invested in India 3 per cents., raising the amount of stock held in that security to 474L 19,*< , « M K5 o <♦! CO "O 00 . o "S -5 •« - -S co a © g bfi 3 sS 03 a. 1 CD GO CO.* © ^^3 o o M CO . 5% 3 * o O CD '~ i - Sfa 5 o S CO " CB O 3 S3 CD CO 3 3 O I—I CO 3 s a CD W CO C3 n ® 3 a fa cues fl-H 3 c3 o ,F * I ,- — CD bog CO 3 —4 fa fa M co fa Ph £ ffl ~©0<0 . lO -*< CM « i-l -H Uj ■> CC CO *♦* CO CO CM © t> i-i © © oo © i-H © CO © © © CO © !M © t- © 1ft CO © CO O CO CO o co eo © — < «o «o co cs co ■«*< © © -* i— I ITS © IC5 ITS © i—l w« i— l CO CD Q. CD i2 . CD H » CO 00 CD ** 5 « ■— — . -2 H 2 5 «s^ P<3 rt CO CO a CO O £ S3 © OS CD o Bfa.S i— I CD H a ©n a 3 o CD -< o CD P 3 03 a CD a o. CD P3 § ^ 09 CO 3 3 S a £-- CD 3\« .2 02 fa ™co C0Q 3— «l«ir^O0CJ5©-^ P<300000000©0©© o a o<1 T^ <4-i "— 1 goo b ^ "<« CG H-3 o o 1 — •> - ® o .- fc! CD « • >-i as W CO O a, CD Q S o -3 a F en 2 co-- ••-■ i-H -3 ■S « 8 CD . ^ 2 S.PQ sg ^5 3 I— I CO o © 3 l-H O © lO © i* © © i— i © t> in •*• co ■*• tH « CD .S n-Nuttall del aduat: West, Newman lith. Diaschizae The Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 137 The jaws are elementary ; the manubria straight, thin, and rod-shaped, with a slight thickening at the end, but not a crutch. The incus is straight, also ending in a slight club. It feeds on flocculent matter, and is fond of swimming freely. Size. — Total length T^-yin. (194 /x) ; toes alone T ^y in. (36 /a) ; width To -^ in. (36 fi); height -q^q in. (42 /a). Bare. Examples from Dundee, and Knowsley, Lancashire. Diaschiza eva Gosse. PI. III. figs. 8, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, Be. Synonymy. Furcularia eva Gosse. „ semisetifera Glascott. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Gosse, P. H. — Twenty-four more new Species of Eotif. Journ. Hoy. Micr. Soc, 1887, p. 861. Hudson ife Gosse. — The Kotifera. London, 1889, Suppl., p. 26, pi. 31, fig. 17. Glascott, Miss L. S. — A list of some of the Kotif. of Ireland. Sci. Proc. Koy. Dublin Soc, viii. 1893 (n.s.) p. 55, pi. 4, figs. 2 and 2a. Spec. Char. — Body long, laterally compressed ; head slightly rounded in front ; face sub-prone ; corona extending slightly down the ventral side ; neck strongly marked ; lorica flexible ; dorsal cleft narrow, well marked ; lateral cleft narrow, well marked ; eye absent ; foot thick ; toes about \ length of rest of body, furcate, very wide apart at base, very broad, tapering suddenly to a long, fine, curved, threadlike point. We have been exceedingly fortunate in finding large quantities of this most interesting and beautiful species, and have no doubt whatever that Gosse's description was made from a dying example, when the soft lorica often distorts into a prominent elevation on the shoulder, as described and drawn by him. Owing to the well-marked dorsal and lateral clefts, and the setse on the foot, we have no hesitation in transferring this species to the genus Diaschiza. This rotifer is beautifully hyaline and glossy. It varies much in size and shape, the flexibility of the lorica enabling it to throw itself into all sorts of contortions. When swimming freely many specimens, viewed dorsally, look exceedingly narrow. The greatest care has been taken in making the drawings to represent as nearly as possible the normal shape and attitude. The toes are the most distinguishing feature of this species. In spite of great variation in shape, length, and style, they are •always strikingly distinct from those of any other species, in every 138 Transactions of the Society. case consisting of a broad base rapidly tapering to a flexible thread- like tip. Fig. 8 represents the commonest form of the toes, in which the blade widens before it begins to taper rapidly to the flexible thread. Fig. 8a gives a dorsal view of the same form. Fig. 8b represents a rare form, in which the broad base tapers gradually to the fine flexible thread. (This figure is greatly en- larged.) Fig. 8c is a larger type of toe with remarkably long thread-tips. Figs. 8d and 8e give the other extreme. All these figures (except fig. 85) are drawn to exactly the same scale, and from specimens as nearly of the same size as it is pos- sible to select, so as to give a good idea of the amount of variation. Gosse has graphically and accurately described one of the many attitudes which this rotifer strikes, viz. that of the letter T re- versed, with the toes extended in a horizontal line. But it is impossible to describe all the different ways in which it fixes and curves its toes. At times it throws them right up on its back ; at times it holds them at right angles to its body ; and then again it presses them close together and straight behind it, for swimming. Viewed dorsally, these toes are remarkably wide apart at the base. The foot-glands are large, and, when under the compressor, are seen to exude a sticky substance which reminds one of that exuded by the Battulidse, though not so viscid in this case. This substance seems to make its exit from the toe at the point where it tapers rapidly to the flexible tip. The usual setae on the foot are exceedingly fine and difficult to determine, though after careful search we have found them in every case. The eye is absent. The food consists mainly of diatoms, numbers of which are often to be seen congesting the stomach. The jaws are after the type of D. gibba. Size. — Total length ^ in. (282 //.) ; toes alone ^q in. to s ^q in. (67-85 /i) ; width ^ in. (40 /*) ; height ? | ¥ in. (60 /*). Eare and local, but has occurred in vast quantities in the large lake, Knowsley, Lancashire. Diaschiza tenuiseta Burn. PI. I. fig. 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Burn, Dr. W. B. — New and little known Eotif. Science Gossip, 1890, pp. 34, 35, fig. 22. Spec. Char. — Body slightly gibbous, very glassy ; face prone ; neck a marked constriction ; lorica very flexible ; dorsal cleft well marked ; lateral cleft well marked ; eye wanting ; foot rather long TJie Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 139> for the genus, tapering ; toes about | length of rest of body, very thin except just at base, very slightly recurved ; oesophagus very long. This uncommon species was observed by F.E.D.N. (one example only) on October 10, 1891 ; and a drawing was then made by him, of which fig. 2 is a copy. The original description is given by Dr. Barnett Burn in the February number of Science Gossip, 1890. From this description very little can be gathered ; but from the drawing which accompanied it, the toes, the long oesophagus, and the trace of dorsal cleft there portrayed give just sufficient detail for identification. The remarks upon its resemblance to F. eva and F. cceca, serve to make the identification more a matter of certainty. We have every confidence, therefore, in classing this as a Diaschiza, from the general shape of body, foot and toes, and especially from the dorsal and lateral clefts well figured in F.R.D.N.'s original drawing. The specific marks of this species are : — (1) the pair of very long thin toes, slightly clubbed at the base, but tapering at once, not at mid-length as in the case of D. eva, although they resemble those of eva in having flexible extremities ; and (2) the extra- ordinarily long oesophagus. This rotifer has the habit of throwing its toes over its back., and into some of the other postures characteristic of D. eva. The setae on the foot were not looked for. The jaws, food, and size were not recorded. Eare, not seen since 1891 ; from Mr. Bolton, Birmingham. Diaschiza megalocephala Glascott. PL IV. figs. 14 and 14a. Synonymy. Furcularia lactistcs ? Gosse. „ megalocephala Glascott. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Glascott, Miss L. S.— A list of some of the Kotifera of Ireland. Sci. Proc. Eoy. Dublin Soc, 1893, viii. (n.s.") p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 3. Hood, J.— Eotif. of the Co. Mayo. Proc. Eoy. Irish Acad. Dublin, 1895, p. 702. Eousselet, C. F— On Diplois trigona and other Eotifers. Journ. Quek. Micr. Club, Nov. 1895, p. 123, pi. 7, fig. 5. Gosse, P. H. ?— Twentv-four more new Species of Eotif. Journ. Eoy. Micr. Soc, 1887, p. 861, pi. XIV. fig. 5. Hudson & Gosse?— The Eotifera. London, 1889, Suppl., p. 25, pi. 31, fig. 13. We are strongly of opinion that this is not a Diaschiza at all ; but out of respect to Mr. C. F. Eousselet we include it in our list. 140 Transactions of the Society. (1) We have carefully studied countless examples of this rotifer, and have never been able to discern the dorsal cleft which he states (loc. cit.) that he observed. (2) Nor have we ever been able to discover the slightest trace •of the bunch of stiff setae on the foot over the base of the toes, which is invariably present in other Diaschizse. (3) Furthermore, there is a marked division in the foot, forming two distinct joints, which is contrary to the rule in this genus. There certainly is a lateral cleft, but this is the only point of ■agreement between this species and our genus. (4) In its habits it is continually swimming freely, and not, like the Diaschizse, given to grovelling amongst the weeds. (5) Its toes are flexible throughout, and it has a queer habit of snapping them as it swims. (6) The head is enormously large, the longer axis of the face being even greater than the greatest depth of the rest of the body. (7) The jaws are extraordinary in form and structure, and not of the type of this genus ; (8) and again, the lorica as a whole is much more flexible than that of the most flexible Diaschiza. These eight points of difference are sufficient to account for our hesitation in including this species in this monograph. We agree with Mr. J. Hood (loc. cit.) that this species is most probably the Furcularia lactistes of Gosse, a great many examples showing a distinct milky appearance, from which we expect he so named it, and the jaws agree with his description. We give a figure of the animal, which will convey a sufficient idea of it without further description. Size. — Total length T | 7 in. (200 //,) ; toes alone 7 £ 5 in. (33 fi) ; breadth g-j^y in. (67 /x) ; height at highest point of trunk ±]q in. <54 fj,) ; head ^ in. (63 fju). Common in certain localities. The following is a list of species described by other authors which are omitted from this monograph or proved to be synony- mous with others herein : — D. valga Gosse. — The description, drawing, and measurements of this species, with its very long toes, two-thirds the length of the rest of the body, seem so definitely distinct from any of those here included, that it may be a good species ; but we have omitted it, as we have been unable to secure a specimen. D. valga Bilfinger ^ D. valga Weber > = D. Hoodii Gosse. D. KAMPHIGERA Gosse J D. cupha Gosse. — That author's description, from one dead specimen, is so vague, and the size ^ in., and shape of toes, seem to cut it out of this genus altogether. Not seen. The Rotatorian Genus Diaschiza. 141 D. fretalis Gosse. — Another very vague description. This species, being marine, may be a marine form of D. Hoodii. D. acronota Gosse 1 All these are certainly imma- D. PjETA Gosse V ture or dead specimens of D. Furcularia ensifera GosseJ caeca Gosse. D. semiaperta Gosse = D. gibba (nobis) = F. gibba Ehrenberg. F. spHjERICA Gosse = D. globata Gosse. F. lophyra Gosse. — This may be a fair species, and if so, it is a Diaschiza ; its frontal eye will distinguish it from D. eva, but the description is very vague. F. gammari Plate | The description of all these ies IS F. melandocus Gosse V f 4 for identificati ^ F. molaris Gosse ) & F. lactistes Gosse. — This description is, again, a difficult one from which to identify. It has a certain agreement with D. megalocephala Glascott, which we have inserted in the monograph under protest. It is very likely that a new genus may one day be established in which it is probable that lactistes will take precedence over Miss Glascott's Furcularia megalocephala. 142 Transactions of the Society. III. — The President's Address: Some Ideas on Life. By Henry Woodward, LL.D. F.E.S. {Delivered January 21st, 1903.) Those who have in infancy been properly nurtured on a wholesome diet of fairy tales and folk-lore, will carry with them through life, even to old-age, many very pleasant memories of those delightful friends of one's childhood, ' Beauty and the Beast,' ' Cinderella,' ' Little Eed Eiding-hood,' ' Jack the Giant-killer,' ' Sleeping Beauty,' ' Blue Beard,' and many others ; or if they belong to a later generation than myself, they will in early life have been on intimate terms with ' Tom the Water- Baby,' in Kingsley's wonder- ful book ; or will feel, as most of us do, grateful to " Lewis Carroll " (L. Dodgson) for having written ' Alice in Wonderland ' and "Through the Looking-glass," for our delectation. Pleasant indeed are such memories, — like the scent of heather from the hills, — or " the odour of brine from the ocean." On Christmas holidays, in passing along the High Street of the Eoyal Borough of Kensington, I was startled by a shrill familiar voice from out the distant past, and suddenly, for a few moments, I had sixty years lifted off my shoulders and became once more a child at a school-room window in Norwich, looking on with large eyes at the ineffable effrontery of Mr. Punch encounter- ing the constable, and filled with admiration at the courage and fidelity of his dog Toby. Perhaps the oldest themes, which are to be found broidered into the later history, legends, and traditions of all races of man- kind, are those which relate to the creation of the world and its inhabitants, and their destruction by the flood. Apart from the sacred writings of the Hebrews, we have Assyrian tablets and Egyptian hieroglyphs, while the Greeks have given us in charming fables, and in many versions, the account of Prometheus forming men of clay and stealing fire from the chariot of the sun to endow them with life ; of Deucalion and Pyrrha rescued from the flood, and afterwards renewing the human race by throwing stones behind them which became men; of Epimetheus and his wife Pandora, and the story of the sealed box, which she was forbidden to open, and how the curiosity of Pandora caused her to raise the lid, when all the evils incident to humanity poured out, and the only good remaining was Hope, which has been the solace of mankind ever since. Tlic President's Address. By Henry Woodward. 143 But leaving the regions of classical and mediaeval myths, and even passing over unnoticed the earlier writers and philosophers — whose observations, although often very good, ended frequently in the fabulous and mysterious, or were intermingled with gross errors resulting from ignorance of astronomical laws and cosmical and chemical effects — we come, in 1669, to the observations of Steno, sl professor of the Padua University, who compared fossil shells with recent, and showed that the two were often specifically the same— that sharks' teeth from the hills of Eome were like those of a shark now living in the Mediterranean. The eighteenth century gave birth to many able philosophers and also to many writers having a distorted vision resulting from a firm belief in the literal acceptance of the Mosaic cosmogony, into which they constrained their facts and observations to fit. Gesner, a Swiss observer, in 1759, demonstrated, by comparing past physical changes with those now in progress, that elevation of mountains and the wearing away of ravines and valleys must have occupied tens of thousands of years to accomplish. [1665-1729.] Br. John Woodward insisted on the theory that all deposits resulted from the Noachian deluge, and that their materials and fossil-contents were arranged by gravitation, the heaviest at the bottom. He did one excellent thing, he founded in Cambridge the Woodwardian chair of geology, which has now become a great centre for the teaching of modern geology, but was originally designed to ensure the delivery of a sermon annually, to confound the doctrines of Dr. Camerarius of Tubingen and all his works, because he differed from the views of Dr. "Woodward. Some of the writings of the Italian naturalists at this time were most brilliant and advanced, but the lack of frequent intercom- munication between men of science 150 years ago prevented the wide spread of intellectual ideas. Amongst the most able writers in this country (1726-1797) was James Hutton of Edinburgh, whose Theory of the Earth &c. was the foundation of Lyell's Principles of Geology and many other later writings. His views, based on observations, were clear and convincing to all studious minds : — " The ruins of an older world are visible in the present struc- ture of our planet ; and the strata which now compose our con- tinents have been once beneath the sea, and were formed out of the waste of pre-existing continents. The same forces are still destroying, by chemical decomposition or mechanical violence, even the hardest rocks, and transporting the materials to the sea, where they are spread out and form new strata analogous to those of more ancient date. Although loosely deposited along the bottom of the ocean, they become afterwards altered and con- solidated by volcanic heat, and then heaved up fractured and ■contorted." 144 Transactions of the Society. In William Smith (1769-1839) we have a man of humble origin, born at Churchill in Oxfordshire, who, by force of will and industry, trained himself and became a mineral surveyor and geologist of no mean order. He not only mapped out the geology of England and Wales in a most admirable manner, but dis- covered a great and original principle, which has stood the test of over 100 years of subsequent geological field-work, namely, that the relative age of sedimentary deposits can be determined with certainty by their organised fossil-contents. This principle, which he was able to prove to demonstration over wide areas and in hundreds of instances, together with the excellent map which he produced, obtained for him from Sedgwick the title of " Father of English Geology." Had William Smith been as able a writer as he was a brilliant observer in the field and mapper, his fame would have been more widely known than it is. One of his geological contemporaries was Samuel Woodward * of Norwich (1790-1837). Suffice it to say that with a succession of men like Sedgwick, Conybeare, Buckland, Phillips, Murchison, Lyell, Scrope, Fitton, de la Beche, Griffiths, Portlock, Prestwich, Eamsay, Geikie, geology has progressed enormously in the past 100 years, and is now one of the most popular sciences of the day. Prom the birth of orderly stratigraphical geology has arisen the cognate science of Palaeontology which treats of all fossil re- mains, and takes note of their succession in the rocks as well as their zoological position among living organisms. But since the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, now forty years ago, a new and ardent school of zoologists and botanists have entered the field of palaeontology, who, — whilst they ignore entirely the advantage which the stratigraphical geologist derives from fossils, looked at from the chronological aspect, — are never- theless eager to possess themselves of the palosozoological evidence they furnish, which is in fact the key to open the lock of the casket that holds the secret of the origin of species, and even, they believe, of the beginning of life on the earth — a secret they are as eager to learn, as that for which our first mother Eve bartered Paradise, or that which excited the curiosity of the Greek Pandora, or the unhappy wives of Bluebeard. Although I may not deceive you with promises to disclose the very beginning of life, I may at least be able so far to lift the lid of the casket as to give you a glance at some of the earliest appearances of groups of living organisms, and point out a few which have persisted over vast periods of time, and others which, though of great importance at one time (like some of our celebrated human families), have now entirely disappeared. * Author of a work entitled 'Outline of the Geology of Norfolk,' 1833, and 'A Synoptical Table of British Organic Remains,' 1830, and about thirty other memoire and works. The President's Address. By Henry Woodward. 145 "While upon the subject of the evolution and extinction of life- forms I may be permitted to refer you to a very able paper which lias lately appeared,* by Mr. C. B. Crampton, on this subject. To-night I will only venture to glance at some of the Inverte- brata; leaving the Vertebrata to be discussed upon another ■occasion. " In the first place (Mr. Crampton writes) the lowly-organised groups have persisted in spite of the gradual evolution of more and more highly-organised forms, and this must be due in large measure to their rapid growth and reproductive powers. (2) That groups appear to have a shorter range in time as they acquire a higher degree of organisation. (3) That living forms of groups that are dominant at the present time rarely show ancestors of such great specialisation as themselves. (4) That forms that are now isolated in their zoological affini- ties, and bordering on extinction, are generally highly specialised in some direction, but often show signs of degeneration, and usually have ancestors of greater specialisation during some former period of dominance. A few, at any rate, seem to show a smaller degree of fertility than might be expected. (5) Other forms which have come down to us from a distant period with small amount of change, or with very gradually- acquired specialisation, often show a great power of resistance to death. They are also generally extremely fertile. (6) That extinct groups seem almost invariably to have ■acquired a great degree of specialisation during their period of dominance. (7) That the more specialised genera and species of groups tend to have a shorter range in time than the less specialised, although they frequently appear to have temporarily acquired a greater dominance. (8) When a group shows very quickly-acquired variation and specialisation its range is usually very restricted. (9) That the later forms in extinct groups frequently show signs of degeneration, and sometimes a more primitive organisation than the most specialised forms, possibly owing their persistence to their slower specialisation. (10) That long retention of primitive characteristics, or a great degree of stability and want of variation, has been usually asso- ciated with a long range in time. (11) That higher groups do not spring from the most specialised forms of the parent groups before them in time, but from some generalised form in those groups which had retained a more primi- tive organisation." • Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edic., xiv. p. 461 ; read March 20th, 1901. April 15 th, 1903 i< TABLE OF STRATIFIED ROCKS. Showing the range in time of the great groups of Animals, and the period during which each type was dominant. 3 O 1 SJ 2 o N O w O 53 o o w SYSTEMS. RECENT PLEISTOCENE (250 ft.) O o N O PLIOCENE (100 ft.) MIOCENE (125 ft.) EOCENE (2600 ft.) CRETACEOUS i (7000 ft.) NEOCOMIAN JURASSIC (3000 ft.) TRIASSIC (3000 ft.) PERMIAN or ( DYAS J (500 to 3000 ft ) ( CARBONIFEROUS J (12,000 ft.) \ DEVONIAN & OLD RED SANDSTONE (5000 to 10.000 ft.) SILURIAN (3000 to 5000 ft.) ORDOVICIAN (5000 to 8000 ft.) CAMBRIAN (20,000 to 30,000 ft.) EOZOIC— ARCH-ffiAN (30,000 ft.) FORMATIONS. Terrestrial, Alluvial, Estuarine, and Marine Beds of Historic, Iron, Bronze, and Neolithic Ages Peat, Alluvium, Loess Valley Gravels, Brickearths Cave -deposits Kaised Beaches Palaeolithic Age Boulder Clay and Gravels Norfolk Forest-bed Series Norwich and Bed Crags Coralline Crag (Diestian) G-^ningen Beds Freshwater, &c. Fluvio-m-irine Series (Oligocene) ^r^aneslCN'-muliticBeds) Maestricht Beds Chalk Upper Greensand Gault Lower Greensand Wealden Purbeck Beds Portland Beds Kimmfcridge Clay (Solenhofen Beds) Corallian Beds Oxford Clay Great Oolite Series Inferior Oolite Series Lias Rbsetic Beds Keuper Muschelkalk Bunter Red Sandstone, Marl Magnesian Limestone. &c. Red Sandstone and Conglomerate Rothliegende Coal Measures and MilMor.e Grit Carboniferous Limestone Series Upper Old Red Sandstone Devonian Lower Old Red Sandstone Ludlow Serie3 Wenlock Series Llandovery Series May Hill Series Bala and Caradoc Series Llandeilo Series Llanvirn Scries Areuig and Skiddaw Series Tremadoc Slates Lingula Flags Menevian Series Harlech and Longmynd Series Zechstein Pebldian, Arvonlan, and Dimetian Huronian and Laurentian LIFK-PERIODS. s a la .-*«? I 1 1 3 i | s a s s il. JMi.ny other families are not represented in a foBsil state. 1. PODOPHTHALMA. Brachyura . Macrura Schizopoda . Stomapoda . 2. Edriophthalma. Cumacea Isopoda 1'rxarcturuK Amphipoda . II. MALACOSTRACA. Jurassic to recent. Carboniferous to lecent. Ditto (Palxocaris). Devonian or Silurian lo recent. Carboniferous to recent. Magn. L. to lecent. De\oniau ? Carboniferous ? III. GIGANTOSTRACA Ilacckel. t kilobit a ..... Merostomata. Eurypterida ..... Xiphosura ..... IV. CIRRIPIiDIA. (Sessile) Balanidaj (Brachylepas) (Pedunculated) Lepadidac (jrurrilepas) . Scorpions. B - Arachnida. (Scorpions) ..... Ealieophonui .... Eophrynus . C. Myriopoda. Eupholeria and allies D. Insecta. Talseodidyoptera. Blatta ...... Eugereon, etc. .... Orthoptera . . . . . Neuroptera . Cambrian to Carbon iferousv. Ditto. Silurian to rccci t. Cretaceous to recent. Silurian to recent. Silurian to recent; world-wide distribution.. U. Sil., Scotland, Gotland, and Illinois, U.S. Carboniferous only. Coal-measures to recent. (Silurian ?) to recent. Permian to recent. Coal-measures to lecent. Coal-measure b to recent.. * Recent analogue. Probable progenitor of Decaj oda. p CO 1 H W EJ H O h H M o O *3 H a > H SO O O o I— I o O o Q I— c Q K STOMATOPOOA DECAPODA 154 Transactions of the Society. The diagram (fig. 35) on the preceding page (p. 153) is in- tended to convey an idea of the probable evolution of the Arthro- poda in geological time. Summary. And now, " let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter." The whole history, since the beginning of life on the earth, shows a steady upward tendency (in fact Evolution) in life as displayed in the Geological Eecord. Extinct Groups. Some forms appear, attain a more or less important position on Life's Stage, and then die out completely. Of such are the once abundant Graptolites, which had their beginning in the Cambr